Bosnia and Herzegovina's Sources of N2O Emissions
Key Insights
Agricultural Emissions Dominate
Throughout the decades, Bosnia and Herzegovina's N2O emissions have been predominantly driven by agriculture. This sector has consistently contributed the largest share of emissions, peaking in the 1960s and 1970s. The post-World War II industrialization period likely spurred this increase, as the country, then part of Yugoslavia, focused on heavy industrial and agricultural development. Despite fluctuations, agriculture remains a significant source of emissions, reflecting the country's reliance on this sector.
Energy Sector's Rising Influence
The energy sector's contribution to N2O emissions has seen a notable rise, particularly from the 1970s onwards. This increase aligns with the expansion of coal-fired power plants during that decade. The most dramatic spike occurred in 2016, coinciding with Bosnia and Herzegovina's ratification of the Paris Agreement, which may have prompted a reevaluation of energy sources. Despite efforts to transition to renewable energy, the energy sector's emissions have continued to grow, reflecting ongoing challenges in reducing fossil fuel dependency.
Impact of Economic and Political Changes
Bosnia and Herzegovina's emissions history is also shaped by significant political and economic events. The Bosnian War in the early 1990s led to a temporary decrease in emissions due to disrupted industrial activities. However, post-war reconstruction and the transition to a market economy in the 2000s resulted in increased emissions as industrial and energy activities resumed. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 temporarily reduced emissions, highlighting the impact of global events on the country's emission trends.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from human activities and processes, expressed as weight in megatonnes (Mt). Human-induced emissions are the main driver of the increasing atmospheric nitrous oxide that is warming our planet. The sources of human nitrous oxide emissions are
- Agriculture
- Energy
- Industry
- Waste
- Other
Agriculture
Emissions related to agriculture are mainly from the use of synthetic fertilizers and manure management.
Synthetic fertilizer, used for agricultural processes, contains a lot of nitrogen. That nitrogen in the soil reacts and causes considerable N2O emissions. The use of excess fertilizer, meaning more fertilizer than the plants can use to grow, causes even higher relative emissions. Applying the right amount of fertilizer at the right time can reduce N2O emissions. There are many technical solutions to reduce emissions while keeping, or even increasing, agricultural yields.
When manure is left on the field or otherwise managed in dry processes, it emits considerable amounts of nitrous oxide. Manure can be managed by wet processes, which reduces nitrous oxide emissions but increases methane emissions. Some technical solutions focus on modifying the animal feed to reduce the nitrogen in the manure, thereby reducing nitrous oxide emissions.
Energy, Industry, Waste, and Other
All non-agricultural categories together have much lower emissions than agricultural emissions alone.
N2O emissions related to energy are almost all from the combustion of fossil fuels. For example, the combustion of fossil fuels in power plants, cars, and airplanes not only causes CO2 emissions but also emits nitrous oxide (N2O). Any advances to reducing fossil fuel dependency will thus also reduce nitrous oxide emissions.
Most industry-related emissions are from the chemical industry for producing fertilizer, nylon, and similar products. Technologies are available to reduce emissions in these processes.
Nitrous oxide emissions from waste come from, for example, wastewater treatment and landfills.
Wikipedia: Nitrous oxideIPCC: AR6, 5.16 Anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions
Units and Measures
N2O emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
About the Data
The last available year in all the emission datasets is 2023. N2O emissions come from the PRIMAP-Hist dataset. It is a rich dataset that combines several published sources to create a historical emissions time series for various greenhouse gases.
The Key Insights paragraph was generated using a large language model (LLM) using a structured approach to improve the accuracy. This included separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
PRIMAP-hist The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2023)
Update cycle: Every few monthsDelay: Less than 1 yearCredits: Gütschow, Johannes; Busch, Daniel; Pflüger, Mika (2024): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2023) v2.6. Zenodo.