Nepal's Sources of CH4 Emissions
Key Insights
2024 CH4 Emissions Profile
Nepal's methane emissions totalled around 28.1 megatonnes CO2e in 2024. Livestock dominated, at roughly 18.0 megatonnes CO2e and 64.2%, rising by about 0.11 megatonnes CO2e per year over the ten years to 2024. Crop emissions were 4.4 megatonnes CO2e (15.7%) and essentially flat; fuel emissions were 3.5 megatonnes CO2e (12.6%), rising about 0.04 annually. Waste contributed 2.0 megatonnes CO2e (7.3%) and rose about 0.02 annually, while fugitive emissions were 0.07 megatonnes CO2e (0.2%).
Historic Livestock Emissions
Livestock emissions began at roughly 2.9 megatonnes CO2e in 1851 and rose gradually to around 6.4 by the mid-1950s. Growth then accelerated, reaching about 13.3 in 1999, before continuing upward. Emissions peaked at roughly 18.0 megatonnes CO2e in 2024, which was also the final-year level.
Historic Fugitive Emissions
Fugitive emissions were near zero until the early 1960s. They then increased slowly, remaining a very small component of Nepal's methane emissions throughout. They peaked at around 0.07 megatonnes CO2e in 2017 and ended at approximately 0.07 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Waste Emissions
Waste emissions started at roughly 0.5 megatonnes CO2e in 1851 and increased gradually to around 1.2 by the late 1980s. Growth strengthened thereafter, with emissions rising to a peak of about 2.0 megatonnes CO2e in 2024. The final-year level was around 2.0 megatonnes CO2e.
Historic Crop Emissions
Crop emissions rose from about 1.3 megatonnes CO2e in 1851 to roughly 4.6 around 2000. They then broadly levelled off, fluctuating between about 4.1 and 4.7 megatonnes CO2e. Emissions peaked at roughly 4.7 megatonnes CO2e in 2016 and ended at around 4.4 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Fuel Emissions
Fuel emissions began at around 0.25 megatonnes CO2e in 1851 and rose slowly into the mid-20th century. Growth accelerated from the late 1940s, increasing from roughly 0.7 to 1.7 by the early 1980s, and continued thereafter. Emissions peaked at about 3.5 megatonnes CO2e in 2024, the final-year value.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly methane (CH4) emissions from human activities expressed as weight in megatonnes (Mt). In the scientific literature, these are referred to as anthropogenic emissions. Human-induced methane emissions increase atmospheric methane, which is warming the Earth. The sources of human methane emissions are
- Livestock
- Fugitive emissions from the fossil fuel industry
- Crop production
- Fossil fuel combustion
- Waste management
- Other processes
Methane's Global Warming Potential
Methane has a much higher Global Warming Potential (GWP) than CO2. However, Methane emissions in the atmosphere decay with an average lifetime of about 12 years so its long term warming-effect is much less compared to CO2 which stays on average for hundreds of years in the atmosphere. Meaning: Methane's short term warming effect is much higher, but long term warming effect is much lower. A reduction in emissions can cause a rapid decline in its atmospheric levels.
Livestock
Livestock emits methane that is produced in the animals' digestive system. Most methane is emitted from the mouth during rumination. A much smaller amount of methane is emitted from the manure. Depending on how the manure is managed, i.e., wet or dry, more methane is emitted. Wet management leads to higher methane emissions than dry management. However, dry management also emits nitrous oxide (N2O), which is another potent greenhouse gas.
Fugitive emissions from fossil fuel industry
Fugitive methane emissions are from the intentional and accidental release of methane, which happens during the extraction, storage, and transportation processes in the fossil fuel industry. Examples are methane leaks during oil and gas handling, storage, transport, incomplete combustion, and many more. Also, methane is deliberately ventilated from mines during the extraction of coal.
Methane is a primary part of “gas”, also called “natural gas” or “fossil gas”. Natural gas is used, for example, for heating and electricity generation, whereby it emits CO2 during the combustion process. However, when natural gas leaks (unburned) it contains a lot of fugitive methane emissions.
Waste
Waste from landfills and wastewater produces a lot of methane when biodegradable material breaks down without oxygen.
Crop production
Crop production emissions are largely from rice cultivation, which generates large amounts of methane during plant growth. These emissions are from flooded paddies, which create the swamp-like environment of rice fields. There are agricultural techniques to reduce emissions significantly, like periodic drainage and aeration. Rice is the main staple for about half the world's population, and its emissions are a significant part of total human methane emissions.
Fuel combustion
Fuel combustion emissions are mostly from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. As mentioned before, natural gas consists largely of methane, and when the combustion does not happen completely, methane enters the atmosphere.
Other
Other human-induced methane emissions include industrial processes and product uses.
Wikipedia: Anthropogenic Sources of Atmospheric MethaneIPCC: AR6, 5.2.2.2 Anthropogenic CH4 emissions
Units and Measures
CH4 emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
Reach is where funding is
10,000 people are using Climate Change Tracker for free every month. A tiny monthly donation keeps us going!
Cancel anytime. Payments processed by Stripe.com. You can manage, upgrade, cancel, and download receipts in our self service portal on Stripe. Using Stripe you agree to Stripe's Privacy Policy.
More ways to donate
via PayPal
via DonorboxAbout the Data
National methane emissions data through 2024 is from the PRIMAP-hist dataset, which combines several published sources into a historical emissions time series.
The Key Insights paragraph was created using a large language model (LLM) in combination with our data, historic events, and a structured approach for best accuracy by separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
PRIMAP-hist The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2024)
Update cycle: Every few monthsDelay: Less than 1 yearCredits: Gütschow, J.; Busch, D.; Pflüger, M. (2025): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series v2.7 (1750-2024). zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.17090760