Somalia's Sources of N2O Emissions
Key Insights
Agriculture Dominates The Profile
Somalia's nitrous oxide emissions have long been shaped overwhelmingly by agriculture, contributing well over nine-tenths of the total. From the late 19th century into the early 1940s, emissions edged up from well below 1 megatonne to roughly the low single digits, while energy, waste, other, and industry remained minor in comparison.
Mid-Century Step Change Emerges
A sharp rise in the mid-1940s marked a clear transition, followed by a steady post‑war climb. Through the latter half of the 20th century, agriculture settled on a much higher plateau, hovering around 6 megatonnes and at times approaching 7, with moderate year‑to‑year variation but a broadly upward tendency.
Stabilization In Recent Decades
Since the turn of the century, agriculture has shifted from growth to a gentle decline, easing from just over 6 to around 5.5 megatonnes by the early 2020s. The non‑agricultural sectors remain small and relatively stable, together contributing well under 1 megatonne; industry stays near zero.
Priorities For The 2020s
With agriculture responsible for the vast majority of Somalia's N2O and now trending slightly downward, sustaining and accelerating this decline is the decisive pathway for reducing national N2O warming impact. The direction is encouraging but the pace is modest-deeper cuts in the dominant sector will determine overall progress.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from human activities and processes, expressed as weight in megatonnes (Mt). Human-induced emissions are the main driver of the increasing atmospheric nitrous oxide that is warming our planet. The sources of human nitrous oxide emissions are
- Agriculture
- Energy
- Industry
- Waste
- Other
Agriculture
Emissions related to agriculture are mainly from the use of synthetic fertilizers and manure management.
Synthetic fertilizer, used for agricultural processes, contains a lot of nitrogen. That nitrogen in the soil reacts and causes considerable N2O emissions. The use of excess fertilizer, meaning more fertilizer than the plants can use to grow, causes even higher relative emissions. Applying the right amount of fertilizer at the right time can reduce N2O emissions. There are many technical solutions to reduce emissions while keeping, or even increasing, agricultural yields.
When manure is left on the field or otherwise managed in dry processes, it emits considerable amounts of nitrous oxide. Manure can be managed by wet processes, which reduces nitrous oxide emissions but increases methane emissions. Some technical solutions focus on modifying the animal feed to reduce the nitrogen in the manure, thereby reducing nitrous oxide emissions.
Energy, Industry, Waste, and Other
All non-agricultural categories together have much lower emissions than agricultural emissions alone.
N2O emissions related to energy are almost all from the combustion of fossil fuels. For example, the combustion of fossil fuels in power plants, cars, and airplanes not only causes CO2 emissions but also emits nitrous oxide (N2O). Any advances to reducing fossil fuel dependency will thus also reduce nitrous oxide emissions.
Most industry-related emissions are from the chemical industry for producing fertilizer, nylon, and similar products. Technologies are available to reduce emissions in these processes.
Nitrous oxide emissions from waste come from, for example, wastewater treatment and landfills.
Wikipedia: Nitrous oxideIPCC: AR6, 5.16 Anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions
Units and Measures
N2O emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
About the Data
The last available year in all the emission datasets is 2023. N2O emissions come from the PRIMAP-Hist dataset. It is a rich dataset that combines several published sources to create a historical emissions time series for various greenhouse gases.
The Key Insights paragraph was created using a large language model (LLM) in combination with our data, historic events, and a structured approach for best accuracy by separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
PRIMAP-hist The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2023)
Update cycle: Every few monthsDelay: Less than 1 yearCredits: Gütschow, Johannes; Busch, Daniel; Pflüger, Mika (2024): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2023) v2.6. Zenodo.