Bahrain's Sources of N2O Emissions
Key Insights
2024 N2O Emissions Profile
Bahrain's N2O emissions totalled around 0.21 megatonnes CO2e in 2024. Industry was the largest source, at around 0.08 megatonnes CO2e (35.8%), followed closely by Other at about 0.07 (31.2%) and Energy at 0.04 (19.6%). Agriculture contributed 0.02 (8.9%) and Waste 0.01 (4.5%). Over the ten years to 2024, Industry, Waste and Other rose, while Agriculture and Energy declined slightly.
Historic Agriculture Emissions
Agricultural emissions were near zero through the early twentieth century, reaching around 0.001 megatonnes CO2e by 1939. They then rose steadily, from about 0.006 in 1976 to around 0.024 in 2011, peaking at roughly 0.03 in 2010. Emissions subsequently declined overall, ending at around 0.02 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Energy Emissions
Energy emissions were negligible until the mid-1960s, then increased from around 0.002 megatonnes CO2e in 1965 to about 0.04 by the mid-2010s. They peaked at roughly 0.05 in 2017 before easing slightly. In 2024, energy emissions stood at around 0.04 megatonnes CO2e.
Historic Industry Emissions
Industrial emissions were near zero until the mid-twentieth century, then rose from around 0.002 megatonnes CO2e in 1960 to roughly 0.03 by 2000. Growth accelerated after 2000, with emissions reaching their record high of around 0.08 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Waste Emissions
Waste emissions were very low through the first half of the twentieth century, reaching around 0.002 megatonnes CO2e by the late 1960s. They increased to about 0.009 around 2000 and then remained broadly stable, despite a dip around 2014. Waste emissions reached roughly 0.01 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Other Emissions
Other emissions began at around 0.002 megatonnes CO2e in the early 1850s and rose only gradually to about 0.004 by 1969. They then increased substantially over the following decades, peaking at roughly 0.07 megatonnes CO2e in 2023. Emissions remained around 0.07 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from human activities and processes, expressed as weight in megatonnes (Mt). Human-induced emissions are the main driver of the increasing atmospheric nitrous oxide that is warming our planet. The sources of human nitrous oxide emissions are
- Agriculture
- Energy
- Industry
- Waste
- Other
Agriculture
Emissions related to agriculture are mainly from the use of synthetic fertilizers and manure management.
Synthetic fertilizer, used for agricultural processes, contains a lot of nitrogen. That nitrogen in the soil reacts and causes considerable N2O emissions. The use of excess fertilizer, meaning more fertilizer than the plants can use to grow, causes even higher relative emissions. Applying the right amount of fertilizer at the right time can reduce N2O emissions. There are many technical solutions to reduce emissions while keeping, or even increasing, agricultural yields.
When manure is left on the field or otherwise managed in dry processes, it emits considerable amounts of nitrous oxide. Manure can be managed by wet processes, which reduces nitrous oxide emissions but increases methane emissions. Some technical solutions focus on modifying the animal feed to reduce the nitrogen in the manure, thereby reducing nitrous oxide emissions.
Energy, Industry, Waste, and Other
All non-agricultural categories together have much lower emissions than agricultural emissions alone.
N2O emissions related to energy are almost all from the combustion of fossil fuels. For example, the combustion of fossil fuels in power plants, cars, and airplanes not only causes CO2 emissions but also emits nitrous oxide (N2O). Any advances to reducing fossil fuel dependency will thus also reduce nitrous oxide emissions.
Most industry-related emissions are from the chemical industry for producing fertilizer, nylon, and similar products. Technologies are available to reduce emissions in these processes.
Nitrous oxide emissions from waste come from, for example, wastewater treatment and landfills.
Wikipedia: Nitrous oxideIPCC: AR6, 5.16 Anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions
Units and Measures
N2O emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
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National N2O emissions data through 2024 is from the PRIMAP-hist dataset, which combines several published sources into a historical emissions time series.
The Key Insights paragraph was created using a large language model (LLM) in combination with our data, historic events, and a structured approach for best accuracy by separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
PRIMAP-hist The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2024)
Update cycle: Every few monthsDelay: Less than 1 yearCredits: Gütschow, J.; Busch, D.; Pflüger, M. (2025): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series v2.7 (1750-2024). zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.17090760