Iraq's Sources of N2O Emissions
Key Insights
Agriculture Dominates Iraq’s N2O Profile
Iraq's nitrous oxide emissions have been led by agriculture for decades, accounting for around two-thirds of national emissions. After very low levels early on, agriculture rose quickly from the late 1920s to the late 1960s, then continued on a steadier, fluctuating path. Since the late 1960s, yearly emissions have averaged around 3 megatonnes, at times dipping toward 2 and peaking near 5. Over the long run, this sector has contributed roughly 250 megatonnes, underscoring its central role in the country's overall climate impact.
Industry And Energy On The Rise
Non-agricultural sources are smaller but increasingly important. Industry moved from negligible levels before the 1960s to steady growth, then accelerated since the early 2000s to nearly 2 megatonnes per year. Energy stayed modest until the mid-1960s and has climbed gradually to about 0.7 megatonnes. "Other" sources also trended upward from the late 1960s to roughly 0.6 megatonnes, while waste has increased but remains a smaller contributor, around 0.5 megatonnes at recent highs.
Current Trajectory And Priorities
Today, agriculture remains high and variable without a clear downward trend, while industry is the fastest riser. Energy and other sources are edging upward as well. Reversing overall emissions will require bending the curve in agriculture first and sustaining pressure on industry, while preventing further increases in energy and other sources.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from human activities and processes, expressed as weight in megatonnes (Mt). Human-induced emissions are the main driver of the increasing atmospheric nitrous oxide that is warming our planet. The sources of human nitrous oxide emissions are
- Agriculture
- Energy
- Industry
- Waste
- Other
Agriculture
Emissions related to agriculture are mainly from the use of synthetic fertilizers and manure management.
Synthetic fertilizer, used for agricultural processes, contains a lot of nitrogen. That nitrogen in the soil reacts and causes considerable N2O emissions. The use of excess fertilizer, meaning more fertilizer than the plants can use to grow, causes even higher relative emissions. Applying the right amount of fertilizer at the right time can reduce N2O emissions. There are many technical solutions to reduce emissions while keeping, or even increasing, agricultural yields.
When manure is left on the field or otherwise managed in dry processes, it emits considerable amounts of nitrous oxide. Manure can be managed by wet processes, which reduces nitrous oxide emissions but increases methane emissions. Some technical solutions focus on modifying the animal feed to reduce the nitrogen in the manure, thereby reducing nitrous oxide emissions.
Energy, Industry, Waste, and Other
All non-agricultural categories together have much lower emissions than agricultural emissions alone.
N2O emissions related to energy are almost all from the combustion of fossil fuels. For example, the combustion of fossil fuels in power plants, cars, and airplanes not only causes CO2 emissions but also emits nitrous oxide (N2O). Any advances to reducing fossil fuel dependency will thus also reduce nitrous oxide emissions.
Most industry-related emissions are from the chemical industry for producing fertilizer, nylon, and similar products. Technologies are available to reduce emissions in these processes.
Nitrous oxide emissions from waste come from, for example, wastewater treatment and landfills.
Wikipedia: Nitrous oxideIPCC: AR6, 5.16 Anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions
Units and Measures
N2O emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
About the Data
The last available year in all the emission datasets is 2023. N2O emissions come from the PRIMAP-Hist dataset. It is a rich dataset that combines several published sources to create a historical emissions time series for various greenhouse gases.
The Key Insights paragraph was created using a large language model (LLM) in combination with our data, historic events, and a structured approach for best accuracy by separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
PRIMAP-hist The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2023)
Update cycle: Every few monthsDelay: Less than 1 yearCredits: Gütschow, Johannes; Busch, Daniel; Pflüger, Mika (2024): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2023) v2.6. Zenodo.