Mali's Sources of N2O Emissions
Key Insights
Agriculture Dominates And Accelerates
Agriculture has been and remains the overwhelming source of Mali's nitrous oxide emissions-about 95% of the total. Levels were very low through the early 20th century, then stepped up during the 1940s. From the late 1940s to the early 1990s, annual emissions were fairly steady around the mid‑single digits. Since the early 1990s, however, they have climbed persistently, reaching around 13 megatonnes in recent years. Cumulatively since 1850, agriculture has contributed nearly 600 megatonnes, a notable share of Mali's overall greenhouse‑gas warming impact.
Non-Agriculture Remains Minor And Steady
Energy, waste, and other sources are much smaller than agriculture. Energy-related N2O stayed modest for decades and only in the mid‑2010s edged up slightly to around 0.2 megatonnes. Waste rose gradually since the turn of the century to roughly 0.3 megatonnes, while other sources increased from near‑zero by the late 1970s and have stabilized around 0.3 to 0.4 megatonnes. Industry is effectively negligible throughout. Together, these non‑agricultural sources remain far below agriculture's contribution.
Current Trajectory And Priorities
The current trajectory is upward, driven almost entirely by agriculture. Bending Mali's overall N2O emissions downward will require reversing the rise in this dominant sector; smaller sources are worth monitoring but will not change the national trend on their own.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from human activities and processes, expressed as weight in megatonnes (Mt). Human-induced emissions are the main driver of the increasing atmospheric nitrous oxide that is warming our planet. The sources of human nitrous oxide emissions are
- Agriculture
- Energy
- Industry
- Waste
- Other
Agriculture
Emissions related to agriculture are mainly from the use of synthetic fertilizers and manure management.
Synthetic fertilizer, used for agricultural processes, contains a lot of nitrogen. That nitrogen in the soil reacts and causes considerable N2O emissions. The use of excess fertilizer, meaning more fertilizer than the plants can use to grow, causes even higher relative emissions. Applying the right amount of fertilizer at the right time can reduce N2O emissions. There are many technical solutions to reduce emissions while keeping, or even increasing, agricultural yields.
When manure is left on the field or otherwise managed in dry processes, it emits considerable amounts of nitrous oxide. Manure can be managed by wet processes, which reduces nitrous oxide emissions but increases methane emissions. Some technical solutions focus on modifying the animal feed to reduce the nitrogen in the manure, thereby reducing nitrous oxide emissions.
Energy, Industry, Waste, and Other
All non-agricultural categories together have much lower emissions than agricultural emissions alone.
N2O emissions related to energy are almost all from the combustion of fossil fuels. For example, the combustion of fossil fuels in power plants, cars, and airplanes not only causes CO2 emissions but also emits nitrous oxide (N2O). Any advances to reducing fossil fuel dependency will thus also reduce nitrous oxide emissions.
Most industry-related emissions are from the chemical industry for producing fertilizer, nylon, and similar products. Technologies are available to reduce emissions in these processes.
Nitrous oxide emissions from waste come from, for example, wastewater treatment and landfills.
Wikipedia: Nitrous oxideIPCC: AR6, 5.16 Anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions
Units and Measures
N2O emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
About the Data
The last available year in all the emission datasets is 2023. N2O emissions come from the PRIMAP-Hist dataset. It is a rich dataset that combines several published sources to create a historical emissions time series for various greenhouse gases.
The Key Insights paragraph was created using a large language model (LLM) in combination with our data, historic events, and a structured approach for best accuracy by separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
PRIMAP-hist The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2023)
Update cycle: Every few monthsDelay: Less than 1 yearCredits: Gütschow, Johannes; Busch, Daniel; Pflüger, Mika (2024): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2023) v2.6. Zenodo.