Oman's Sources of N2O Emissions
Key Insights
Agriculture Leads And Keeps Rising
Agriculture is the largest single source of Oman's nitrous oxide, accounting for about half of total N2O emissions. After minimal levels through the mid‑20th century, emissions rose from the late 1960s and accelerated from the mid‑1990s, reaching around 0.7 megatonnes in recent years. The trajectory has been persistently upward with little volatility.
Non-Agricultural Sources Gain Momentum
Energy, industry, and other sources each contribute around 15% of Oman's N2O. Energy stayed low for decades, then edged up since the mid‑1990s to roughly 0.15 megatonnes. Industry and other sources were minor until the late 2000s, when both climbed to just under 0.25 megatonnes. Waste remains the smallest source, rising gradually toward 0.1 megatonnes.
From Stability To Broad Expansion
Historically, national N2O levels were very low until a clear inflection in the late 1960s, led by agriculture. Since the turn of the century-and especially after the mid‑2000s-growth broadened across industry and other sources, with energy also drifting higher. The overall pattern is steady expansion rather than pronounced boom‑bust cycles.
What This Means Now
Most major sources (>5% of total) are still rising. Agriculture remains the main driver and will need the sharpest course correction, while recent increases in industry and other sources also warrant attention. Slowing growth in energy and keeping waste in check would reinforce a shift from expansion to stabilization.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from human activities and processes, expressed as weight in megatonnes (Mt). Human-induced emissions are the main driver of the increasing atmospheric nitrous oxide that is warming our planet. The sources of human nitrous oxide emissions are
- Agriculture
- Energy
- Industry
- Waste
- Other
Agriculture
Emissions related to agriculture are mainly from the use of synthetic fertilizers and manure management.
Synthetic fertilizer, used for agricultural processes, contains a lot of nitrogen. That nitrogen in the soil reacts and causes considerable N2O emissions. The use of excess fertilizer, meaning more fertilizer than the plants can use to grow, causes even higher relative emissions. Applying the right amount of fertilizer at the right time can reduce N2O emissions. There are many technical solutions to reduce emissions while keeping, or even increasing, agricultural yields.
When manure is left on the field or otherwise managed in dry processes, it emits considerable amounts of nitrous oxide. Manure can be managed by wet processes, which reduces nitrous oxide emissions but increases methane emissions. Some technical solutions focus on modifying the animal feed to reduce the nitrogen in the manure, thereby reducing nitrous oxide emissions.
Energy, Industry, Waste, and Other
All non-agricultural categories together have much lower emissions than agricultural emissions alone.
N2O emissions related to energy are almost all from the combustion of fossil fuels. For example, the combustion of fossil fuels in power plants, cars, and airplanes not only causes CO2 emissions but also emits nitrous oxide (N2O). Any advances to reducing fossil fuel dependency will thus also reduce nitrous oxide emissions.
Most industry-related emissions are from the chemical industry for producing fertilizer, nylon, and similar products. Technologies are available to reduce emissions in these processes.
Nitrous oxide emissions from waste come from, for example, wastewater treatment and landfills.
Wikipedia: Nitrous oxideIPCC: AR6, 5.16 Anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions
Units and Measures
N2O emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
About the Data
The last available year in all the emission datasets is 2023. N2O emissions come from the PRIMAP-Hist dataset. It is a rich dataset that combines several published sources to create a historical emissions time series for various greenhouse gases.
The Key Insights paragraph was created using a large language model (LLM) in combination with our data, historic events, and a structured approach for best accuracy by separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
PRIMAP-hist The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2023)
Update cycle: Every few monthsDelay: Less than 1 yearCredits: Gütschow, Johannes; Busch, Daniel; Pflüger, Mika (2024): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2023) v2.6. Zenodo.