Romania's Sources of CH4 Emissions
Key Insights
Methane’s Role In Warming
In Romania, methane from human activities is led by livestock, contributing well over half of emissions. Fugitive emissions and waste add roughly a third combined, with fuel combustion a smaller share. Overall, methane currently accounts for about 15% of the country's total warming impact.
Livestock Dominance And Decline
Livestock emissions rose from the post-war era into the late 1980s, peaking at around 20 megatonnes. A sharp drop followed in the early 1990s, and since the mid-1990s they have trended down slowly, now hovering around 10 megatonnes. This long, gradual decline in the largest source has shaped the national trajectory.
Fossil-Related Sources Shift
Fugitive emissions grew through the mid-20th century, reaching the low teens around 1980, then declined steadily through the late 1990s and have continued down to just a few megatonnes. Fuel combustion has stayed low-near 1 megatonne-dipping mid-century and edging up slightly since the mid-1990s.
Waste Rising Since Mid-1990s
Waste emissions increased into the mid-1980s, fell around the early 1990s, then reversed course and have risen consistently since the mid-1990s, now approaching 10 megatonnes. Crop production and other sources remain very small and broadly stable or declining.
What This Means Now
Today, the major sources are on mixed paths: livestock is easing downward, fugitive emissions continue to fall, waste is rising, and fuel combustion is inching up. To bend total methane lower, reversing the rise in waste and accelerating reductions in livestock and fugitive emissions are priorities. Because methane's effects fade relatively quickly, sustained cuts can reduce warming impact within years.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly methane (CH4) emissions from human activities expressed as weight in megatonnes (Mt). In the scientific literature, these are referred to as anthropogenic emissions. Human-induced methane emissions increase atmospheric methane, which is warming the Earth. The sources of human methane emissions are
- Livestock
- Fugitive emissions from the fossil fuel industry
- Crop production
- Fossil fuel combustion
- Waste management
- Other processes
Methane's Global Warming Potential
Methane has a much higher Global Warming Potential (GWP) than CO2. However, the effect lasts only for a relatively brief period (9 years on average), compared to hundreds of years for CO2. A reduction in emissions can cause a rapid decline in its atmospheric levels and climate impact.
Livestock
Livestock emits methane that is produced in the animals' digestive system. Most methane is emitted from the mouth during rumination. A much smaller amount of methane is emitted from the manure. Depending on how the manure is managed, i.e., wet or dry, more methane is emitted. Wet management leads to higher methane emissions than dry management. However, dry management also emits nitrous oxide (N2O), which is another potent greenhouse gas.
Fugitive emissions from fossil fuel industry
Fugitive methane emissions are from the intentional and accidental release of methane, which happens during the extraction, storage, and transportation processes in the fossil fuel industry. Examples are methane leaks during oil and gas handling, storage, transport, incomplete combustion, and many more. Also, methane is deliberately ventilated from mines during the extraction of coal.
Methane is a primary part of “gas”, also called “natural gas” or “fossil gas”. Natural gas is used, for example, for heating and electricity generation, whereby it emits CO2 during the combustion process. However, when natural gas leaks (unburned) it contains a lot of fugitive methane emissions.
Waste
Waste from landfills and wastewater produces a lot of methane when biodegradable material breaks down without oxygen.
Crop production
Crop production emissions are largely from rice cultivation, which generates large amounts of methane during plant growth. These emissions are from flooded paddies, which create the swamp-like environment of rice fields. There are agricultural techniques to reduce emissions significantly, like periodic drainage and aeration. Rice is the main staple for about half the world's population, and its emissions are a significant part of total human methane emissions.
Fuel combustion
Fuel combustion emissions are mostly from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. As mentioned before, natural gas consists largely of methane, and when the combustion does not happen completely, methane enters the atmosphere.
Other
Other human-induced methane emissions include industrial processes and product uses.
Wikipedia: Anthropogenic Sources of Atmospheric MethaneIPCC: AR6, 5.2.2.2 Anthropogenic CH4 emissions
Units and Measures
CH4 emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
About the Data
The last available year in all the emission datasets is 2023. Methane emissions come from the PRIMAP-Hist dataset. It is a rich dataset that combines several published sources to create a historical emissions time series for various greenhouse gases.
The Key Insights paragraph was created using a large language model (LLM) in combination with our data, historic events, and a structured approach for best accuracy by separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
PRIMAP-hist The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2023)
Update cycle: Every few monthsDelay: Less than 1 yearCredits: Gütschow, Johannes; Busch, Daniel; Pflüger, Mika (2024): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2023) v2.6. Zenodo.