Singapore's Sources of N2O Emissions
Key Insights
Industry Dominates, Then Declines Fast
Singapore's N2O profile has been overwhelmingly industrial, contributing roughly 90% of emissions over the long run. From the 1930s through the late 1990s, industry rose rapidly and peaked at around 10 megatonnes (Mt). Since the turn of the century, it has reversed course and fallen steeply, landing well under 1 Mt by the 2020s. This major transition shifted the national picture from sustained growth to a clear decline in overall N2O emissions.
Other Sources Mostly Stable
Beyond industry, sources are small and comparatively steady. "Other" rose through the late 1980s and since the early 1990s has hovered near 0.15-0.20 Mt with a gentle downward drift. Energy remained minimal for decades and has crept upward since the late 2000s to a few tenths of a megatonne. Agriculture increased to about 0.10 Mt in the late 1970s before tapering to very low levels, while waste edged up gradually to just under 0.1 Mt.
Outlook And Near-Term Priorities
With industry still the dominant driver and trending downward, sustaining and accelerating these reductions will determine the national trajectory. "Other" is small and broadly stable to slightly falling; keeping it on a gentle downward path will help consolidate gains. If these patterns continue, Singapore's total N2O emissions should keep easing over time.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from human activities and processes, expressed as weight in megatonnes (Mt). Human-induced emissions are the main driver of the increasing atmospheric nitrous oxide that is warming our planet. The sources of human nitrous oxide emissions are
- Agriculture
- Energy
- Industry
- Waste
- Other
Agriculture
Emissions related to agriculture are mainly from the use of synthetic fertilizers and manure management.
Synthetic fertilizer, used for agricultural processes, contains a lot of nitrogen. That nitrogen in the soil reacts and causes considerable N2O emissions. The use of excess fertilizer, meaning more fertilizer than the plants can use to grow, causes even higher relative emissions. Applying the right amount of fertilizer at the right time can reduce N2O emissions. There are many technical solutions to reduce emissions while keeping, or even increasing, agricultural yields.
When manure is left on the field or otherwise managed in dry processes, it emits considerable amounts of nitrous oxide. Manure can be managed by wet processes, which reduces nitrous oxide emissions but increases methane emissions. Some technical solutions focus on modifying the animal feed to reduce the nitrogen in the manure, thereby reducing nitrous oxide emissions.
Energy, Industry, Waste, and Other
All non-agricultural categories together have much lower emissions than agricultural emissions alone.
N2O emissions related to energy are almost all from the combustion of fossil fuels. For example, the combustion of fossil fuels in power plants, cars, and airplanes not only causes CO2 emissions but also emits nitrous oxide (N2O). Any advances to reducing fossil fuel dependency will thus also reduce nitrous oxide emissions.
Most industry-related emissions are from the chemical industry for producing fertilizer, nylon, and similar products. Technologies are available to reduce emissions in these processes.
Nitrous oxide emissions from waste come from, for example, wastewater treatment and landfills.
Wikipedia: Nitrous oxideIPCC: AR6, 5.16 Anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions
Units and Measures
N2O emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
About the Data
The last available year in all the emission datasets is 2023. N2O emissions come from the PRIMAP-Hist dataset. It is a rich dataset that combines several published sources to create a historical emissions time series for various greenhouse gases.
The Key Insights paragraph was created using a large language model (LLM) in combination with our data, historic events, and a structured approach for best accuracy by separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
PRIMAP-hist The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2023)
Update cycle: Every few monthsDelay: Less than 1 yearCredits: Gütschow, Johannes; Busch, Daniel; Pflüger, Mika (2024): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2023) v2.6. Zenodo.