Ukraine's Sources of N2O Emissions
Key Insights
Agriculture Dominates Then Declines
Ukraine's N2O profile has long been led by agriculture, contributing around two-thirds of emissions. Through the post-war era, totals climbed quickly, reaching around 30 megatonnes by the late 1970s and peaking near 40 megatonnes in the following years. Since around 1980, the trajectory has shifted downward, with agriculture trending to the mid-teens megatonnes by the early 2020s. Over this period, levels varied widely, generally fluctuating between the mid-teens and mid-30s megatonnes.
Non-Agricultural Sources Ease Back
Industry rose rapidly from the 1950s into the early 1970s, touching roughly 15 megatonnes, then declined persistently to just over 1 megatonne today. Energy followed a similar arc, building gradually to around 3 megatonnes in the late 1970s before steadily easing toward about 1 megatonne. Other sources stayed near 2 megatonnes for much of the record, then fell from around 3 megatonnes in the early 1980s to well below 1 megatonne in recent years. Waste remained low and relatively stable.
Momentum And Next Steps
Most major sources-agriculture, industry, energy, and other-are now on declining paths. This reflects meaningful progress, yet agriculture still outweighs all others combined. Maintaining the downward momentum in agriculture and locking in continued reductions in industry and energy are the clearest routes to further cut national N2O emissions.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from human activities and processes, expressed as weight in megatonnes (Mt). Human-induced emissions are the main driver of the increasing atmospheric nitrous oxide that is warming our planet. The sources of human nitrous oxide emissions are
- Agriculture
- Energy
- Industry
- Waste
- Other
Agriculture
Emissions related to agriculture are mainly from the use of synthetic fertilizers and manure management.
Synthetic fertilizer, used for agricultural processes, contains a lot of nitrogen. That nitrogen in the soil reacts and causes considerable N2O emissions. The use of excess fertilizer, meaning more fertilizer than the plants can use to grow, causes even higher relative emissions. Applying the right amount of fertilizer at the right time can reduce N2O emissions. There are many technical solutions to reduce emissions while keeping, or even increasing, agricultural yields.
When manure is left on the field or otherwise managed in dry processes, it emits considerable amounts of nitrous oxide. Manure can be managed by wet processes, which reduces nitrous oxide emissions but increases methane emissions. Some technical solutions focus on modifying the animal feed to reduce the nitrogen in the manure, thereby reducing nitrous oxide emissions.
Energy, Industry, Waste, and Other
All non-agricultural categories together have much lower emissions than agricultural emissions alone.
N2O emissions related to energy are almost all from the combustion of fossil fuels. For example, the combustion of fossil fuels in power plants, cars, and airplanes not only causes CO2 emissions but also emits nitrous oxide (N2O). Any advances to reducing fossil fuel dependency will thus also reduce nitrous oxide emissions.
Most industry-related emissions are from the chemical industry for producing fertilizer, nylon, and similar products. Technologies are available to reduce emissions in these processes.
Nitrous oxide emissions from waste come from, for example, wastewater treatment and landfills.
Wikipedia: Nitrous oxideIPCC: AR6, 5.16 Anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions
Units and Measures
N2O emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
About the Data
The last available year in all the emission datasets is 2023. N2O emissions come from the PRIMAP-Hist dataset. It is a rich dataset that combines several published sources to create a historical emissions time series for various greenhouse gases.
The Key Insights paragraph was created using a large language model (LLM) in combination with our data, historic events, and a structured approach for best accuracy by separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
PRIMAP-hist The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2023)
Update cycle: Every few monthsDelay: Less than 1 yearCredits: Gütschow, Johannes; Busch, Daniel; Pflüger, Mika (2024): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2023) v2.6. Zenodo.