Yemen's Sources of N2O Emissions
Key Insights
Agricultural Dominance in Emissions
Yemen's nitrous oxide emissions have been predominantly driven by agriculture, consistently contributing the largest share over the decades. From the mid-20th century, agricultural emissions have shown a steady increase, reflecting the sector's expansion and intensification. This trend aligns with the country's historical reliance on agriculture as a primary economic activity. Notably, the 1990s saw a significant rise in agricultural emissions, coinciding with the unification of North and South Yemen, which likely spurred agricultural development and land use changes.
Industrial and Energy Sector Growth
The discovery of oil in the 1970s marked the beginning of Yemen's industrial and energy sector emissions. Although initially modest, emissions from these sectors have gradually increased, particularly from the 1980s onwards. The unification in 1990 further accelerated industrial activities, contributing to a rise in emissions. However, the energy sector's contribution remains relatively small compared to agriculture, despite the country's oil production capabilities.
Impact of Conflict on Emissions
Yemen's ongoing conflicts, including the Houthi insurgency and the Saudi-led intervention, have disrupted traditional agricultural practices and infrastructure, impacting emissions. These conflicts have led to deforestation and land degradation, potentially increasing CO₂ emissions. The disruption in agriculture may have also affected nitrous oxide emissions, although quantifying this impact remains challenging. Despite these challenges, agriculture continues to be the dominant source of emissions in Yemen.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from human activities and processes, expressed as weight in megatonnes (Mt). Human-induced emissions are the main driver of the increasing atmospheric nitrous oxide that is warming our planet. The sources of human nitrous oxide emissions are
- Agriculture
- Energy
- Industry
- Waste
- Other
Agriculture
Emissions related to agriculture are mainly from the use of synthetic fertilizers and manure management.
Synthetic fertilizer, used for agricultural processes, contains a lot of nitrogen. That nitrogen in the soil reacts and causes considerable N2O emissions. The use of excess fertilizer, meaning more fertilizer than the plants can use to grow, causes even higher relative emissions. Applying the right amount of fertilizer at the right time can reduce N2O emissions. There are many technical solutions to reduce emissions while keeping, or even increasing, agricultural yields.
When manure is left on the field or otherwise managed in dry processes, it emits considerable amounts of nitrous oxide. Manure can be managed by wet processes, which reduces nitrous oxide emissions but increases methane emissions. Some technical solutions focus on modifying the animal feed to reduce the nitrogen in the manure, thereby reducing nitrous oxide emissions.
Energy, Industry, Waste, and Other
All non-agricultural categories together have much lower emissions than agricultural emissions alone.
N2O emissions related to energy are almost all from the combustion of fossil fuels. For example, the combustion of fossil fuels in power plants, cars, and airplanes not only causes CO2 emissions but also emits nitrous oxide (N2O). Any advances to reducing fossil fuel dependency will thus also reduce nitrous oxide emissions.
Most industry-related emissions are from the chemical industry for producing fertilizer, nylon, and similar products. Technologies are available to reduce emissions in these processes.
Nitrous oxide emissions from waste come from, for example, wastewater treatment and landfills.
Wikipedia: Nitrous oxideIPCC: AR6, 5.16 Anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions
Units and Measures
N2O emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
About the Data
The last available year in all the emission datasets is 2023. N2O emissions come from the PRIMAP-Hist dataset. It is a rich dataset that combines several published sources to create a historical emissions time series for various greenhouse gases.
The Key Insights paragraph was generated using a large language model (LLM) using a structured approach to improve the accuracy. This included separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
PRIMAP-hist The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2023)
Update cycle: Every few monthsDelay: Less than 1 yearCredits: Gütschow, Johannes; Busch, Daniel; Pflüger, Mika (2024): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2023) v2.6. Zenodo.