What is the Breakdown of Yearly Human-Induced CO₂ Absorption?

This is a breakdown by human activities and processes of the yearly CO₂ absorption expressed in gigatonnes. It is critical to know and track the sources of human CO₂ absorption in order to understand how they can reduce human net emissions.

The human activities and processes that absorb CO₂ are

• Land-Use Change
• Cement Carbonation

Land-use Change

Absorption from land-use change is from the changes we make to the land and how we manage land. Absorption comes, for example, from afforestation and other regrowth. Land-use change also emits considerable amounts of CO₂, as shown in the emissions breakdown chart. Land-use change emits more than it absorbs, so the net effect is still emissions, although less than from coal, oil and gas.

Cement Carbonation

When cement is created, it starts to absorb CO₂ from the atmosphere, and this process is called cement carbonation. However, the process of creating cement also emits CO₂, about twice as much as the created cement will absorb. These emissions are included in the Other Fossil group of the Breakdown of Human-Induced CO₂ Emissions chart.

Technologies like carbon capture at fossil power stations reduce the emissions before they are emitted and therefore are not part of these absorptions.

Units and measures

CO₂ absorption is expressed in the total weight in gigatonnes.

Insights from this chart

Land-use change absorption is by far the largest absorber and is in a growing trend. The land-use change emissions are larger but relatively steady. This means that the net effect of land-use change is currently at roughly 3 gigatonnes and in a reducing trend.

Cement carbonation is growing. The absorption of CO₂ by cement encompasses roughly half of the emissions that were released when the cement was created. This means that, at the moment, creating more cement structures is not a solution to the rising CO₂ levels.

About the data

The Global Carbon Project has human absorption data on land-use change and cement carbonation. Cement carbonation is an average of two estimates. Land-use change absorption values come from three bookkeeping models. There are large uncertainties in the land-use values before 1960. The values for 2024 are projections by the Global Carbon Project. The Global Carbon Project did not project changes in reforestation and the human-induced absorption in 2024 is projected to equal that of 2023.

Data sources

Global Carbon Budget 2024 Global Carbon Budget
Credits: Friedlingstein et al., 2024, ESSDUpdate cycle: yearlyDelay: ~ 10 months after end of a year. Current year values estimates published in November.Reference: Friedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landschützer, P., Le Quéré, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., Gürses, Ö., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarníková, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., Nützel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., Rödenbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Séférian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-519, in review, 2024.