Bhutan's Sources of N2O Emissions
Key Insights
2024 N2O Emissions Profile
Bhutan's N2O emissions totalled around 0.19 megatonnes CO2e in 2024. Energy was the largest source, at roughly 0.073 megatonnes CO2e, or 39%, followed closely by agriculture at around 0.069 megatonnes CO2e, or 36%; other sources contributed about 0.045 megatonnes CO2e, or 23%. Over the ten years to 2024, energy and other emissions rose by about 1.5% and 2.3% per year respectively, while agriculture fell by roughly 2.9% per year. Energy and agriculture dominated emissions, with other sources forming a smaller but substantial share.
Historic Agriculture Emissions
Agricultural emissions began at around 0.018 megatonnes CO2e in 1851 and rose gradually to roughly 0.08 megatonnes CO2e by 1981. They then varied, peaking at about 0.1 megatonnes CO2e in 1990 and falling to a low of roughly 0.057 megatonnes CO2e in 2002. They ended at around 0.069 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Energy Emissions
Energy emissions were near zero in 1851 and increased gradually to around 0.019 megatonnes CO2e by 1989. They jumped to roughly 0.039 megatonnes CO2e in 1990, then continued rising over the following decades. Energy emissions reached their peak, around 0.073 megatonnes CO2e, in 2024.
Historic Other Emissions
Other N2O emissions started at around 0.001 megatonnes CO2e in 1851 and remained small through the mid-1960s. They rose to roughly 0.008 megatonnes CO2e by 1981, accelerated to around 0.027 megatonnes CO2e in 1994, and continued increasing. They peaked at about 0.044 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from human activities and processes, expressed as weight in megatonnes (Mt). Human-induced emissions are the main driver of the increasing atmospheric nitrous oxide that is warming our planet. The sources of human nitrous oxide emissions are
- Agriculture
- Energy
- Industry
- Waste
- Other
Agriculture
Emissions related to agriculture are mainly from the use of synthetic fertilizers and manure management.
Synthetic fertilizer, used for agricultural processes, contains a lot of nitrogen. That nitrogen in the soil reacts and causes considerable N2O emissions. The use of excess fertilizer, meaning more fertilizer than the plants can use to grow, causes even higher relative emissions. Applying the right amount of fertilizer at the right time can reduce N2O emissions. There are many technical solutions to reduce emissions while keeping, or even increasing, agricultural yields.
When manure is left on the field or otherwise managed in dry processes, it emits considerable amounts of nitrous oxide. Manure can be managed by wet processes, which reduces nitrous oxide emissions but increases methane emissions. Some technical solutions focus on modifying the animal feed to reduce the nitrogen in the manure, thereby reducing nitrous oxide emissions.
Energy, Industry, Waste, and Other
All non-agricultural categories together have much lower emissions than agricultural emissions alone.
N2O emissions related to energy are almost all from the combustion of fossil fuels. For example, the combustion of fossil fuels in power plants, cars, and airplanes not only causes CO2 emissions but also emits nitrous oxide (N2O). Any advances to reducing fossil fuel dependency will thus also reduce nitrous oxide emissions.
Most industry-related emissions are from the chemical industry for producing fertilizer, nylon, and similar products. Technologies are available to reduce emissions in these processes.
Nitrous oxide emissions from waste come from, for example, wastewater treatment and landfills.
Wikipedia: Nitrous oxideIPCC: AR6, 5.16 Anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions
Units and Measures
N2O emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
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National N2O emissions data through 2024 is from the PRIMAP-hist dataset, which combines several published sources into a historical emissions time series.
The Key Insights paragraph was created using a large language model (LLM) in combination with our data, historic events, and a structured approach for best accuracy by separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
PRIMAP-hist The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2024)
Update cycle: Every few monthsDelay: Less than 1 yearCredits: Gütschow, J.; Busch, D.; Pflüger, M. (2025): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series v2.7 (1750-2024). zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.17090760