Bhutan's Sources of N2O Emissions
Key Insights
Agricultural Emissions Dominate
Throughout the decades, Bhutan's N2O emissions have been predominantly driven by agriculture. This sector has consistently contributed the largest share of emissions, although its dominance has gradually decreased over time. The 1980s saw a peak in agricultural emissions, which then experienced a notable decline in the 1990s. This reduction aligns with Bhutan's environmental policies, such as the 2004 ban on logging and the 2008 constitutional mandate to maintain forest cover, which likely helped mitigate emissions from land-use changes.
Energy Sector's Rising Influence
The energy sector in Bhutan has seen a steady increase in N2O emissions, particularly from the 1980s onwards. The commissioning of the Chukha Hydropower Plant in 1983 marked a significant shift in the country's energy landscape, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. However, the construction phase likely contributed to initial emissions. The introduction of television and the internet in 1999 further increased energy consumption, although Bhutan's reliance on hydropower has moderated the impact on emissions.
Commitment to Environmental Conservation
Bhutan's commitment to environmental conservation is evident in its policies and initiatives, such as the Green Bhutan Corporation established in 2013 and the Bhutan for Life initiative launched in 2017. These efforts have focused on enhancing reforestation and securing long-term funding for conservation, contributing to carbon sequestration and reducing net emissions. Bhutan's proactive stance on climate change, underscored by its ratification of the Paris Agreement in 2015, highlights its role as a global leader in environmental sustainability.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from human activities and processes, expressed as weight in megatonnes (Mt). Human-induced emissions are the main driver of the increasing atmospheric nitrous oxide that is warming our planet. The sources of human nitrous oxide emissions are
- Agriculture
- Energy
- Industry
- Waste
- Other
Agriculture
Emissions related to agriculture are mainly from the use of synthetic fertilizers and manure management.
Synthetic fertilizer, used for agricultural processes, contains a lot of nitrogen. That nitrogen in the soil reacts and causes considerable N2O emissions. The use of excess fertilizer, meaning more fertilizer than the plants can use to grow, causes even higher relative emissions. Applying the right amount of fertilizer at the right time can reduce N2O emissions. There are many technical solutions to reduce emissions while keeping, or even increasing, agricultural yields.
When manure is left on the field or otherwise managed in dry processes, it emits considerable amounts of nitrous oxide. Manure can be managed by wet processes, which reduces nitrous oxide emissions but increases methane emissions. Some technical solutions focus on modifying the animal feed to reduce the nitrogen in the manure, thereby reducing nitrous oxide emissions.
Energy, Industry, Waste, and Other
All non-agricultural categories together have much lower emissions than agricultural emissions alone.
N2O emissions related to energy are almost all from the combustion of fossil fuels. For example, the combustion of fossil fuels in power plants, cars, and airplanes not only causes CO2 emissions but also emits nitrous oxide (N2O). Any advances to reducing fossil fuel dependency will thus also reduce nitrous oxide emissions.
Most industry-related emissions are from the chemical industry for producing fertilizer, nylon, and similar products. Technologies are available to reduce emissions in these processes.
Nitrous oxide emissions from waste come from, for example, wastewater treatment and landfills.
Wikipedia: Nitrous oxideIPCC: AR6, 5.16 Anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions
Units and Measures
N2O emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
About the Data
The last available year in all the emission datasets is 2023. N2O emissions come from the PRIMAP-Hist dataset. It is a rich dataset that combines several published sources to create a historical emissions time series for various greenhouse gases.
The Key Insights paragraph was generated using a large language model (LLM) using a structured approach to improve the accuracy. This included separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
PRIMAP-hist The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2023)
Update cycle: Every few monthsDelay: Less than 1 yearCredits: Gütschow, Johannes; Busch, Daniel; Pflüger, Mika (2024): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2023) v2.6. Zenodo.