Bosnia and Herzegovina's Sources of CO2 Emissions
Key Insights
2024 CO2 Emissions Profile
In 2024, Bosnia and Herzegovina's CO2 emissions totalled around 19.4 megatonnes CO2e. Coal was by far the largest source, at about 13.9 megatonnes CO2 (71.5%), followed by oil at 4.7 megatonnes CO2 (24.3%). Gas and other fossil sources contributed about 0.5 megatonnes CO2 (2.3%) and 0.4 megatonnes CO2 (2.0%). Over the ten years to 2024, coal declined by around 0.11 megatonnes CO2 per year, while oil, gas and other fossil emissions edged up. Land-use emissions were near zero but slightly negative.
Historic Coal Emissions
Coal emissions were small in the nineteenth century, then rose strongly from roughly 2.5 megatonnes CO2 in 1953 to about 16 megatonnes CO2 in 1989. They then fell sharply to around 1.2 megatonnes CO2 in 1994. Emissions recovered thereafter, peaking at roughly 18.5 megatonnes CO2 in 2011, before ending at about 13.9 megatonnes CO2 in 2024.
Historic Oil Emissions
Oil emissions were negligible until the early 1960s, then climbed from around 0.3 megatonnes CO2 in 1963 to about 2.6 megatonnes CO2 in 1973. They generally increased thereafter, despite falling to roughly 1.3 megatonnes CO2 in 1993. Oil emissions peaked at about 4.9 megatonnes CO2 in 2017 and stood near 4.7 megatonnes CO2 in 2024.
Historic Gas Emissions
Gas emissions remained close to zero until the late 1960s, then rose to around 0.7 megatonnes CO2 by the mid-1980s. They peaked at roughly 0.8 megatonnes CO2 in 1989, fell to about 0.3 megatonnes CO2 in 1993, and subsequently fluctuated. Gas emissions ended at around 0.5 megatonnes CO2 in 2024.
Historic Land-use Emissions
Land-use emissions rose from around 3 megatonnes CO2 in the early 1850s to a peak of roughly 9.2 megatonnes CO2 in 1918. They then declined, becoming a net CO2 removal source by 1960 at about negative 3.7 megatonnes CO2. Removals weakened after the mid-1990s, and land-use emissions were close to zero, at negative 0.02 megatonnes CO2, in 2024.
Historic Other Fossil Emissions
Other fossil emissions were close to zero through the mid-twentieth century and remained small into the early 1990s. They increased after 1993, although with fluctuations, reaching a peak of roughly 0.5 megatonnes CO2 in 2008. They subsequently eased somewhat and ended at around 0.4 megatonnes CO2 in 2024.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly CO2 emissions from human activities and processes expressed in megatonnes. It is critical to know and track the sources of national CO2 emissions in order to understand their individual impacts on climate change.
The sources of human CO2 emissions are
- CO2 From Fossil Fuels and Industry: coal, oil, gas combustion, other fossil processes
- CO2 From Land-Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry
Coal, oil and gas combustion
Fossil fuel CO2 emissions from the combustion of coal, oil and gas are emitted by processes in electricity generation, transport, industry, and the building sector. All processes can be linked to human activities. Examples include driving cars with combustion engines burning diesel or gas, or electric cars charged by electricity from a power plant that burns coal.
Other fossil processes
Fossil CO2 emissions from other processes include sources like cement manufacturing and production of chemicals and fertilizers. Cement also has an absorption factor highlighted in the absorption breakdown chart.
Land-use change
Human civilization emits CO2 by changing and managing its land. Those emissions come, for example, from deforestation, logging, forest degradation, harvest activities and shifting agriculture cultivation. Land-use change also absorbs considerable amounts of CO2, which is shown in the absorption breakdown chart. Land-use change emits more than it absorbs, so the net effect is still emissions, but less than for coal, oil and gas.
Wikipedia: Greenhouse Gas EmissionsEarth System Science Data: GCP 2020 paper: Section 2.2 Land-use change; Section 2.1 Fossil fuel emissions
IPCC: Annual Report 6, 5.2.1.1 Anthropogenic CO2 emissions
Units and Measures
CO2 emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
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National CO2 emissions data through 2024 is from the Global Carbon Project and covers fossil sources and land-use change.
The Key Insights paragraph was created using a large language model (LLM) in combination with our data, historic events, and a structured approach for best accuracy by separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
Global Carbon Budget 2025 Global Carbon Budget
Update cycle: yearlyDelay: ~ 10 months after the end of the year. Current year values are estimated and published in November.Credits: Friedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landschützer, P., Le Quéré, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Aas, K., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Bellouin, N., Benoit-Cattin, A., Berghoff, C. F., Bernardello, R., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Collier, N. O., Colligan, T. H., Cronin, M., Djeutchouang, L., Dou, X., Enright, M. P., Enyo, K., Erb, M., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Fransner, F., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Goncalves De Souza, J., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., Guenet, B., Gürses, Ö., Harrington, K., Harris, I., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Ito, A., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarníková, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jones, S. D., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Kong, Y., Korsbakken, J. I., Koven, C., Kunimitsu, T., Lan, X., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Liu, Z., Lo Monaco, C., Ma, L., Marland, G., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Melton, J., Monacci, N., Monier, E., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Müller, J. D., Nakaoka, S.-I., Nayagam, L. R., Niwa, Y., Nutzel, T., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Pan, N., Pandey, S., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Regnier, P. A. G., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., Rödenbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Skjelvan, I., Smallman, T. L., Spada, V., Sreeush, M. G., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Swingedouw, D., Séférian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tian, X., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van Ooijen, E., van der Werf, G., van de Velde, S. J., Walker, A., Wanninkhof, R., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2025, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-659, in review, 2025.