Brunei Darussalam's Sources of CO2 Emissions
Key Insights
2024 CO2 Emissions Profile
In 2024, Brunei Darussalam's emissions from these sources totalled around 12.8 megatonnes CO2e. Gas was the largest source, at roughly 5.1 megatonnes CO2 or 39.6%, followed by oil at around 3.8 megatonnes CO2 (29.5%) and coal at 3.0 megatonnes CO2 (23.4%). Land-use contributed about 0.8 megatonnes CO2, while other fossil sources were small. Over the ten years to 2024, oil rose by about 0.28 megatonnes CO2 per year, while gas, land-use and other fossil emissions declined.
Historic Coal Emissions
Coal emissions were negligible through the mid-2010s, then began to matter in the late 2010s. They rose steeply from around 0.6 megatonnes CO2 in 2019 to a peak of roughly 3.0 megatonnes CO2 in 2024, which was also the final-year level.
Historic Oil Emissions
Oil emissions reached around 3.8 megatonnes CO2 in 2024. They increased markedly over the ten years to 2024, at about 0.28 megatonnes CO2 per year, equivalent to roughly 10% annual growth. The 2024 level was around 3.8 megatonnes CO2.
Historic Gas Emissions
Gas emissions were near zero in the early record and remained below 1 megatonne CO2 around 1970. They then rose to around 4.6 megatonnes CO2 by 1996. Emissions subsequently fluctuated, falling to about 3.7 in 2002 and peaking at roughly 7.3 megatonnes CO2 in 2011, before ending at around 5.1 megatonnes CO2 in 2024.
Historic Land-use Emissions
Land-use emissions rose from around 0.05 megatonnes CO2 in the early 1850s to roughly 1.5 megatonnes CO2 by 1985. They peaked at about 2.0 megatonnes CO2 in 1998, then generally declined after the mid-2010s, reaching a low near 0.7 in 2021 and around 0.8 megatonnes CO2 in 2024.
Historic Other Fossil Emissions
Other fossil emissions were negligible until around 1969, then surged to a peak of roughly 8.9 megatonnes CO2 in 1973. They fell sharply to about 0.2 megatonnes CO2 by 1984 and remained comparatively low thereafter, despite a temporary rise to around 1.2 in 1991. They ended at roughly 0.2 megatonnes CO2 in 2024.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly CO2 emissions from human activities and processes expressed in megatonnes. It is critical to know and track the sources of national CO2 emissions in order to understand their individual impacts on climate change.
The sources of human CO2 emissions are
- CO2 From Fossil Fuels and Industry: coal, oil, gas combustion, other fossil processes
- CO2 From Land-Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry
Coal, oil and gas combustion
Fossil fuel CO2 emissions from the combustion of coal, oil and gas are emitted by processes in electricity generation, transport, industry, and the building sector. All processes can be linked to human activities. Examples include driving cars with combustion engines burning diesel or gas, or electric cars charged by electricity from a power plant that burns coal.
Other fossil processes
Fossil CO2 emissions from other processes include sources like cement manufacturing and production of chemicals and fertilizers. Cement also has an absorption factor highlighted in the absorption breakdown chart.
Land-use change
Human civilization emits CO2 by changing and managing its land. Those emissions come, for example, from deforestation, logging, forest degradation, harvest activities and shifting agriculture cultivation. Land-use change also absorbs considerable amounts of CO2, which is shown in the absorption breakdown chart. Land-use change emits more than it absorbs, so the net effect is still emissions, but less than for coal, oil and gas.
Wikipedia: Greenhouse Gas EmissionsEarth System Science Data: GCP 2020 paper: Section 2.2 Land-use change; Section 2.1 Fossil fuel emissions
IPCC: Annual Report 6, 5.2.1.1 Anthropogenic CO2 emissions
Units and Measures
CO2 emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
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National CO2 emissions data through 2024 is from the Global Carbon Project and covers fossil sources and land-use change.
The Key Insights paragraph was created using a large language model (LLM) in combination with our data, historic events, and a structured approach for best accuracy by separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
Global Carbon Budget 2025 Global Carbon Budget
Update cycle: yearlyDelay: ~ 10 months after the end of the year. Current year values are estimated and published in November.Credits: Friedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landschützer, P., Le Quéré, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Aas, K., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Bellouin, N., Benoit-Cattin, A., Berghoff, C. F., Bernardello, R., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Collier, N. O., Colligan, T. H., Cronin, M., Djeutchouang, L., Dou, X., Enright, M. P., Enyo, K., Erb, M., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Fransner, F., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Goncalves De Souza, J., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., Guenet, B., Gürses, Ö., Harrington, K., Harris, I., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Ito, A., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarníková, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jones, S. D., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Kong, Y., Korsbakken, J. I., Koven, C., Kunimitsu, T., Lan, X., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Liu, Z., Lo Monaco, C., Ma, L., Marland, G., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Melton, J., Monacci, N., Monier, E., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Müller, J. D., Nakaoka, S.-I., Nayagam, L. R., Niwa, Y., Nutzel, T., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Pan, N., Pandey, S., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Regnier, P. A. G., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., Rödenbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Skjelvan, I., Smallman, T. L., Spada, V., Sreeush, M. G., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Swingedouw, D., Séférian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tian, X., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van Ooijen, E., van der Werf, G., van de Velde, S. J., Walker, A., Wanninkhof, R., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2025, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-659, in review, 2025.