Eswatini's Sources of CH4 Emissions
Key Insights
2024 CH4 Emissions Profile
Eswatini's methane emissions totalled about 1.16 megatonnes CO2e in 2024. Livestock was dominant at roughly 0.66 megatonnes CO2e, or 56.6%, and was broadly stable, rising about 0.0004 megatonnes CO2e per year over the ten years to 2024. Fugitive emissions accounted for 0.22 megatonnes CO2e (19.3%) and waste 0.15 (13.2%), both edging upward. Fuel emissions, 0.11 megatonnes CO2e (9.8%), declined by about 0.0026 megatonnes CO2e per year. Crop emissions were small at 0.014 megatonnes CO2e (1.2%) and changed little.
Historic Livestock Emissions
Livestock emissions began at around 0.03 megatonnes CO2e in 1851 and rose gradually to about 0.18 by the early 1930s. Growth then accelerated, reaching roughly 0.68 in 1978. Emissions peaked at about 0.81 megatonnes CO2e in 1992, then varied at lower levels, ending at around 0.66 in 2024.
Historic Fugitive Emissions
Fugitive emissions were negligible until the mid-1960s, then rose to around 0.04 megatonnes CO2e by 1976. They increased strongly through the following decades, peaking at roughly 0.32 in 2004. Emissions then declined, dipping to about 0.18 in 2011 before partly recovering to around 0.22 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Waste Emissions
Waste emissions started at roughly 0.02 megatonnes CO2e in 1851 and increased gradually through the mid-twentieth century, reaching around 0.19 in 1970. They then climbed to a peak of about 0.42 in 1996. After falling to roughly 0.13 in 2011, emissions partially recovered and reached around 0.15 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Crop Emissions
Crop emissions were near zero in 1851 and remained very small into the early twentieth century. They rose to around 0.03 megatonnes CO2e by the early 1960s, then fluctuated, reaching a peak of roughly 0.05 in 2007. Emissions subsequently declined and ended at about 0.014 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Fuel Emissions
Fuel emissions began at around 0.001 megatonnes CO2e in 1851 and rose gradually before increasing more strongly after the mid-1950s. They reached a peak of roughly 0.23 megatonnes CO2e in 1981. Emissions then declined over the following decades, reaching their lowest level in the record, around 0.11 megatonnes CO2e, in 2024.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly methane (CH4) emissions from human activities expressed as weight in megatonnes (Mt). In the scientific literature, these are referred to as anthropogenic emissions. Human-induced methane emissions increase atmospheric methane, which is warming the Earth. The sources of human methane emissions are
- Livestock
- Fugitive emissions from the fossil fuel industry
- Crop production
- Fossil fuel combustion
- Waste management
- Other processes
Methane's Global Warming Potential
Methane has a much higher Global Warming Potential (GWP) than CO2. However, Methane emissions in the atmosphere decay with an average lifetime of about 12 years so its long term warming-effect is much less compared to CO2 which stays on average for hundreds of years in the atmosphere. Meaning: Methane's short term warming effect is much higher, but long term warming effect is much lower. A reduction in emissions can cause a rapid decline in its atmospheric levels.
Livestock
Livestock emits methane that is produced in the animals' digestive system. Most methane is emitted from the mouth during rumination. A much smaller amount of methane is emitted from the manure. Depending on how the manure is managed, i.e., wet or dry, more methane is emitted. Wet management leads to higher methane emissions than dry management. However, dry management also emits nitrous oxide (N2O), which is another potent greenhouse gas.
Fugitive emissions from fossil fuel industry
Fugitive methane emissions are from the intentional and accidental release of methane, which happens during the extraction, storage, and transportation processes in the fossil fuel industry. Examples are methane leaks during oil and gas handling, storage, transport, incomplete combustion, and many more. Also, methane is deliberately ventilated from mines during the extraction of coal.
Methane is a primary part of “gas”, also called “natural gas” or “fossil gas”. Natural gas is used, for example, for heating and electricity generation, whereby it emits CO2 during the combustion process. However, when natural gas leaks (unburned) it contains a lot of fugitive methane emissions.
Waste
Waste from landfills and wastewater produces a lot of methane when biodegradable material breaks down without oxygen.
Crop production
Crop production emissions are largely from rice cultivation, which generates large amounts of methane during plant growth. These emissions are from flooded paddies, which create the swamp-like environment of rice fields. There are agricultural techniques to reduce emissions significantly, like periodic drainage and aeration. Rice is the main staple for about half the world's population, and its emissions are a significant part of total human methane emissions.
Fuel combustion
Fuel combustion emissions are mostly from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. As mentioned before, natural gas consists largely of methane, and when the combustion does not happen completely, methane enters the atmosphere.
Other
Other human-induced methane emissions include industrial processes and product uses.
Wikipedia: Anthropogenic Sources of Atmospheric MethaneIPCC: AR6, 5.2.2.2 Anthropogenic CH4 emissions
Units and Measures
CH4 emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
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National methane emissions data through 2024 is from the PRIMAP-hist dataset, which combines several published sources into a historical emissions time series.
The Key Insights paragraph was created using a large language model (LLM) in combination with our data, historic events, and a structured approach for best accuracy by separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
PRIMAP-hist The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2024)
Update cycle: Every few monthsDelay: Less than 1 yearCredits: Gütschow, J.; Busch, D.; Pflüger, M. (2025): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series v2.7 (1750-2024). zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.17090760