Indonesia's Sources of CH4 Emissions
Key Insights
2024 CH4 Emissions Profile
In 2024, Indonesia emitted around 394 megatonnes CO2e of anthropogenic methane, dominated by fugitive emissions at around 243 megatonnes CO2e (61.6%), rising by 12.1 megatonnes CO2e per year over the ten years to 2024. Crop emissions were around 60.3 megatonnes CO2e (15.3%), falling by 0.8 annually; waste was 49.1 megatonnes CO2e (12.5%), rising by 0.8; and livestock was 37.4 megatonnes CO2e (9.5%), rising by 0.6. Fuel emissions were 4.3 megatonnes CO2e (1.1%), falling by 0.8, while other emissions were around 0.14 megatonnes CO2e (0.0%), rising slightly.
Historic Livestock Emissions
From around 3.1 megatonnes CO2e in 1851, livestock emissions rose to roughly 17 megatonnes CO2e by the mid-1960s, then dipped during the following decade. They climbed after the mid-1970s, reaching a record 37.4 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Fugitive Emissions
Fugitive emissions began near zero in 1851, briefly reaching roughly 9.1 megatonnes CO2e in 1939 before falling to around 6.6 megatonnes CO2e by the mid-1950s. They then rose sharply, accelerating after 2007, peaking near 244 megatonnes CO2e in 2023 and ending 2024 at around 243 megatonnes CO2e.
Historic Waste Emissions
Waste emissions started at around 2.8 megatonnes CO2e in 1851 and rose to roughly 7.8 megatonnes CO2e by the early 1940s. They then fluctuated, dipping to around 4.7 megatonnes CO2e in 1969, before rising steadily from the late 1970s to 49.1 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Crop Emissions
Crop emissions rose from around 9.7 megatonnes CO2e in 1851 to a peak of roughly 71.7 megatonnes CO2e in 2004. They then declined throughout the following two decades, ending at around 60.3 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Fuel Emissions
Fuel emissions rose steadily from around 1.8 megatonnes CO2e in 1851 to a peak near 16.7 megatonnes CO2e in 2007. They then fell markedly, reaching around 4.3 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Other Emissions
Other emissions remained near zero until the 1980s, then rose to a peak of around 0.2 megatonnes CO2e in 1995 before declining. They began increasing again after the mid-2010s and reached around 0.14 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly methane (CH4) emissions from human activities expressed as weight in megatonnes (Mt). In the scientific literature, these are referred to as anthropogenic emissions. Human-induced methane emissions increase atmospheric methane, which is warming the Earth. The sources of human methane emissions are
- Livestock
- Fugitive emissions from the fossil fuel industry
- Crop production
- Fossil fuel combustion
- Waste management
- Other processes
Methane's Global Warming Potential
Methane has a much higher Global Warming Potential (GWP) than CO2. However, Methane emissions in the atmosphere decay with an average lifetime of about 12 years so its long term warming-effect is much less compared to CO2 which stays on average for hundreds of years in the atmosphere. Meaning: Methane's short term warming effect is much higher, but long term warming effect is much lower. A reduction in emissions can cause a rapid decline in its atmospheric levels.
Livestock
Livestock emits methane that is produced in the animals' digestive system. Most methane is emitted from the mouth during rumination. A much smaller amount of methane is emitted from the manure. Depending on how the manure is managed, i.e., wet or dry, more methane is emitted. Wet management leads to higher methane emissions than dry management. However, dry management also emits nitrous oxide (N2O), which is another potent greenhouse gas.
Fugitive emissions from fossil fuel industry
Fugitive methane emissions are from the intentional and accidental release of methane, which happens during the extraction, storage, and transportation processes in the fossil fuel industry. Examples are methane leaks during oil and gas handling, storage, transport, incomplete combustion, and many more. Also, methane is deliberately ventilated from mines during the extraction of coal.
Methane is a primary part of “gas”, also called “natural gas” or “fossil gas”. Natural gas is used, for example, for heating and electricity generation, whereby it emits CO2 during the combustion process. However, when natural gas leaks (unburned) it contains a lot of fugitive methane emissions.
Waste
Waste from landfills and wastewater produces a lot of methane when biodegradable material breaks down without oxygen.
Crop production
Crop production emissions are largely from rice cultivation, which generates large amounts of methane during plant growth. These emissions are from flooded paddies, which create the swamp-like environment of rice fields. There are agricultural techniques to reduce emissions significantly, like periodic drainage and aeration. Rice is the main staple for about half the world's population, and its emissions are a significant part of total human methane emissions.
Fuel combustion
Fuel combustion emissions are mostly from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. As mentioned before, natural gas consists largely of methane, and when the combustion does not happen completely, methane enters the atmosphere.
Other
Other human-induced methane emissions include industrial processes and product uses.
Wikipedia: Anthropogenic Sources of Atmospheric MethaneIPCC: AR6, 5.2.2.2 Anthropogenic CH4 emissions
Units and Measures
CH4 emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
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National methane emissions data through 2024 is from the PRIMAP-hist dataset, which combines several published sources into a historical emissions time series.
The Key Insights paragraph was created using a large language model (LLM) in combination with our data, historic events, and a structured approach for best accuracy by separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
PRIMAP-hist The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2024)
Update cycle: Every few monthsDelay: Less than 1 yearCredits: Gütschow, J.; Busch, D.; Pflüger, M. (2025): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series v2.7 (1750-2024). zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.17090760