Indonesia's Sources of CO2 Emissions
Key Insights
2024 CO2 Emissions Profile
Indonesia's CO2 emissions totalled around 1,420 megatonnes CO2e in 2024. Land-use was the largest source, at roughly 607 megatonnes CO2 or 42.8%, though it fell by about 75 megatonnes CO2 per year over the ten years to 2024. Coal contributed around 436 megatonnes CO2 (30.7%) and rose rapidly, by about 27 megatonnes annually. Oil accounted for roughly 243 megatonnes CO2 (17.1%), gas 100 megatonnes CO2 (7.0%), and other fossil sources 33 megatonnes CO2 (2.3%); all increased slowly.
Historic Coal Emissions
Coal emissions were negligible for much of the record, although they briefly reached about 5 megatonnes CO2 in 1940. They rose from roughly 4 megatonnes CO2 in 1985 to just over 200 in 2016, then accelerated sharply. Coal emissions peaked at around 436 megatonnes CO2 in 2024.
Historic Oil Emissions
Oil emissions began near zero in the late nineteenth century and remained low for decades, despite reaching roughly 23 megatonnes CO2 in 1939. They rose strongly from the late 1960s, reaching around 75 megatonnes CO2 by 1987, then continued upward. Oil emissions peaked at about 243 megatonnes CO2 in 2024.
Historic Gas Emissions
Gas emissions were near zero until the late 1970s, then rose rapidly from about 7 megatonnes CO2 in 1979 to roughly 65 in 1995. They subsequently dipped to around 48 megatonnes CO2 in 1998 before recovering gradually. Gas emissions reached a peak of about 100 megatonnes CO2 in 2024.
Historic Land-use Emissions
Land-use emissions began at around 140 megatonnes CO2 in 1851 and varied near 200-260 through the 1930s. They then rose markedly, peaking at roughly 2,500 megatonnes CO2 in 1997, before declining overall. Emissions fell from around 1,700 megatonnes CO2 in 2015 to about 607 in 2024.
Historic Other Fossil Emissions
Other fossil emissions were close to zero until the mid-twentieth century. They rose to around 23 megatonnes CO2 by the early 1990s, then varied at a higher level, peaking at roughly 36 megatonnes CO2 in 2019. They ended at around 33 megatonnes CO2 in 2024.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly CO2 emissions from human activities and processes expressed in megatonnes. It is critical to know and track the sources of national CO2 emissions in order to understand their individual impacts on climate change.
The sources of human CO2 emissions are
- CO2 From Fossil Fuels and Industry: coal, oil, gas combustion, other fossil processes
- CO2 From Land-Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry
Coal, oil and gas combustion
Fossil fuel CO2 emissions from the combustion of coal, oil and gas are emitted by processes in electricity generation, transport, industry, and the building sector. All processes can be linked to human activities. Examples include driving cars with combustion engines burning diesel or gas, or electric cars charged by electricity from a power plant that burns coal.
Other fossil processes
Fossil CO2 emissions from other processes include sources like cement manufacturing and production of chemicals and fertilizers. Cement also has an absorption factor highlighted in the absorption breakdown chart.
Land-use change
Human civilization emits CO2 by changing and managing its land. Those emissions come, for example, from deforestation, logging, forest degradation, harvest activities and shifting agriculture cultivation. Land-use change also absorbs considerable amounts of CO2, which is shown in the absorption breakdown chart. Land-use change emits more than it absorbs, so the net effect is still emissions, but less than for coal, oil and gas.
Wikipedia: Greenhouse Gas EmissionsEarth System Science Data: GCP 2020 paper: Section 2.2 Land-use change; Section 2.1 Fossil fuel emissions
IPCC: Annual Report 6, 5.2.1.1 Anthropogenic CO2 emissions
Units and Measures
CO2 emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
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National CO2 emissions data through 2024 is from the Global Carbon Project and covers fossil sources and land-use change.
The Key Insights paragraph was created using a large language model (LLM) in combination with our data, historic events, and a structured approach for best accuracy by separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
Global Carbon Budget 2025 Global Carbon Budget
Update cycle: yearlyDelay: ~ 10 months after the end of the year. Current year values are estimated and published in November.Credits: Friedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landschützer, P., Le Quéré, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Aas, K., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Bellouin, N., Benoit-Cattin, A., Berghoff, C. F., Bernardello, R., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Collier, N. O., Colligan, T. H., Cronin, M., Djeutchouang, L., Dou, X., Enright, M. P., Enyo, K., Erb, M., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Fransner, F., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Goncalves De Souza, J., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., Guenet, B., Gürses, Ö., Harrington, K., Harris, I., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Ito, A., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarníková, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jones, S. D., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Kong, Y., Korsbakken, J. I., Koven, C., Kunimitsu, T., Lan, X., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Liu, Z., Lo Monaco, C., Ma, L., Marland, G., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Melton, J., Monacci, N., Monier, E., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Müller, J. D., Nakaoka, S.-I., Nayagam, L. R., Niwa, Y., Nutzel, T., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Pan, N., Pandey, S., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Regnier, P. A. G., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., Rödenbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Skjelvan, I., Smallman, T. L., Spada, V., Sreeush, M. G., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Swingedouw, D., Séférian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tian, X., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van Ooijen, E., van der Werf, G., van de Velde, S. J., Walker, A., Wanninkhof, R., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2025, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-659, in review, 2025.