Mozambique's Sources of N2O Emissions
Key Insights
2024 N2O Emissions Profile
Mozambique's anthropogenic N2O emissions totalled around 12.7 megatonnes CO2e in 2024. Agriculture dominated, at around 9.9 megatonnes CO2e or 77.5%, rising by about 0.27 megatonnes CO2e per year over the ten years to 2024. Other sources were a distant second at around 2.0 megatonnes CO2e (16.1%) and declining by about 0.04 annually. Energy, waste and industry each accounted for less than 3%, though all rose over the ten years to 2024.
Historic Agriculture Emissions
Agricultural emissions began at around 0.3 megatonnes CO2e in 1851 and rose to roughly 2.2 by 1942, before surging to about 6.7 in 1948. They then fluctuated, reaching around 8.4 in 1970 and falling to about 3.3 in 1988. Emissions subsequently recovered, peaking at around 9.9 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Energy Emissions
Energy emissions started near 0.01 megatonnes CO2e in 1851 and rose gradually to around 0.2 by the mid-1960s. They edged down through the late 1980s and reached a low of about 0.19 in 2010, before increasing again. Energy emissions peaked at around 0.33 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Industry Emissions
Industrial emissions were near zero until the late 1920s. They rose gradually from then, reaching around 0.03 megatonnes CO2e by 1959 and about 0.1 around 2001. Growth continued through the early twenty-first century, with emissions peaking at around 0.20 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Waste Emissions
Waste emissions began at around 0.004 megatonnes CO2e in 1851 and increased slowly for more than a century, reaching roughly 0.08 by 1993. Growth accelerated thereafter, lifting emissions to around 0.28 megatonnes CO2e. This was the peak, reached in 2024.
Historic Other Emissions
Other emissions began at around 0.08 megatonnes CO2e in 1851 and remained low through the early 1970s. They then varied sharply, falling to around 0.15 in 1979 before reaching about 2.1 in 1983. Since 2000, they rose to a peak of around 2.6 in 2010 before easing to about 2.0 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from human activities and processes, expressed as weight in megatonnes (Mt). Human-induced emissions are the main driver of the increasing atmospheric nitrous oxide that is warming our planet. The sources of human nitrous oxide emissions are
- Agriculture
- Energy
- Industry
- Waste
- Other
Agriculture
Emissions related to agriculture are mainly from the use of synthetic fertilizers and manure management.
Synthetic fertilizer, used for agricultural processes, contains a lot of nitrogen. That nitrogen in the soil reacts and causes considerable N2O emissions. The use of excess fertilizer, meaning more fertilizer than the plants can use to grow, causes even higher relative emissions. Applying the right amount of fertilizer at the right time can reduce N2O emissions. There are many technical solutions to reduce emissions while keeping, or even increasing, agricultural yields.
When manure is left on the field or otherwise managed in dry processes, it emits considerable amounts of nitrous oxide. Manure can be managed by wet processes, which reduces nitrous oxide emissions but increases methane emissions. Some technical solutions focus on modifying the animal feed to reduce the nitrogen in the manure, thereby reducing nitrous oxide emissions.
Energy, Industry, Waste, and Other
All non-agricultural categories together have much lower emissions than agricultural emissions alone.
N2O emissions related to energy are almost all from the combustion of fossil fuels. For example, the combustion of fossil fuels in power plants, cars, and airplanes not only causes CO2 emissions but also emits nitrous oxide (N2O). Any advances to reducing fossil fuel dependency will thus also reduce nitrous oxide emissions.
Most industry-related emissions are from the chemical industry for producing fertilizer, nylon, and similar products. Technologies are available to reduce emissions in these processes.
Nitrous oxide emissions from waste come from, for example, wastewater treatment and landfills.
Wikipedia: Nitrous oxideIPCC: AR6, 5.16 Anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions
Units and Measures
N2O emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
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National N2O emissions data through 2024 is from the PRIMAP-hist dataset, which combines several published sources into a historical emissions time series.
The Key Insights paragraph was created using a large language model (LLM) in combination with our data, historic events, and a structured approach for best accuracy by separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
PRIMAP-hist The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2024)
Update cycle: Every few monthsDelay: Less than 1 yearCredits: Gütschow, J.; Busch, D.; Pflüger, M. (2025): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series v2.7 (1750-2024). zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.17090760