Tunisia's Sources of CH4 Emissions
Key Insights
2024 CH4 Emissions Profile
Tunisia's methane emissions totalled around 8.1 megatonnes CO2e in 2024. Waste was the largest source, at roughly 3.2 megatonnes CO2e (39.4%), followed by fugitive emissions at 2.3 megatonnes CO2e (28.3%) and livestock at 2.2 megatonnes CO2e (27.8%). Waste rose by around 0.05 megatonnes CO2e per year over the ten years to 2024, while fugitive, livestock, crop and fuel emissions declined. Fuel combustion contributed 0.35 megatonnes CO2e (4.3%) and crop production 0.01 megatonnes CO2e (0.2%).
Historic Livestock Emissions
Livestock emissions rose from around 0.3 megatonnes CO2e in 1851 to roughly 2.7 in 2007. They then declined steadily, ending at around 2.2 megatonnes CO2e in 2024, below their 2007 peak.
Historic Fugitive Emissions
Fugitive emissions were negligible in the nineteenth century, but rose rapidly from around 0.2 megatonnes CO2e in 1948 to about 2.8 in 1983. They subsequently fluctuated, peaking at roughly 4.3 megatonnes CO2e in 2008, before falling to around 2.3 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Waste Emissions
Waste emissions rose gradually from around 0.09 megatonnes CO2e in 1851 to roughly 0.6 by 1970. Growth then accelerated through the late twentieth century and continued after 2000, reaching their highest level of around 3.2 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Crop Emissions
Crop emissions were near zero until around 1960, then rose to roughly 0.03 megatonnes CO2e in the early 1960s. They fluctuated thereafter, peaking at around 0.04 megatonnes CO2e in 1996, and ended at approximately 0.01 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Fuel Emissions
Fuel-combustion emissions began at around 0.06 megatonnes CO2e in 1851 and increased gradually, despite some mid-century variation. They rose more strongly from the early 1980s, peaked at roughly 0.47 megatonnes CO2e in 2009, then declined to around 0.35 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly methane (CH4) emissions from human activities expressed as weight in megatonnes (Mt). In the scientific literature, these are referred to as anthropogenic emissions. Human-induced methane emissions increase atmospheric methane, which is warming the Earth. The sources of human methane emissions are
- Livestock
- Fugitive emissions from the fossil fuel industry
- Crop production
- Fossil fuel combustion
- Waste management
- Other processes
Methane's Global Warming Potential
Methane has a much higher Global Warming Potential (GWP) than CO2. However, Methane emissions in the atmosphere decay with an average lifetime of about 12 years so its long term warming-effect is much less compared to CO2 which stays on average for hundreds of years in the atmosphere. Meaning: Methane's short term warming effect is much higher, but long term warming effect is much lower. A reduction in emissions can cause a rapid decline in its atmospheric levels.
Livestock
Livestock emits methane that is produced in the animals' digestive system. Most methane is emitted from the mouth during rumination. A much smaller amount of methane is emitted from the manure. Depending on how the manure is managed, i.e., wet or dry, more methane is emitted. Wet management leads to higher methane emissions than dry management. However, dry management also emits nitrous oxide (N2O), which is another potent greenhouse gas.
Fugitive emissions from fossil fuel industry
Fugitive methane emissions are from the intentional and accidental release of methane, which happens during the extraction, storage, and transportation processes in the fossil fuel industry. Examples are methane leaks during oil and gas handling, storage, transport, incomplete combustion, and many more. Also, methane is deliberately ventilated from mines during the extraction of coal.
Methane is a primary part of “gas”, also called “natural gas” or “fossil gas”. Natural gas is used, for example, for heating and electricity generation, whereby it emits CO2 during the combustion process. However, when natural gas leaks (unburned) it contains a lot of fugitive methane emissions.
Waste
Waste from landfills and wastewater produces a lot of methane when biodegradable material breaks down without oxygen.
Crop production
Crop production emissions are largely from rice cultivation, which generates large amounts of methane during plant growth. These emissions are from flooded paddies, which create the swamp-like environment of rice fields. There are agricultural techniques to reduce emissions significantly, like periodic drainage and aeration. Rice is the main staple for about half the world's population, and its emissions are a significant part of total human methane emissions.
Fuel combustion
Fuel combustion emissions are mostly from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. As mentioned before, natural gas consists largely of methane, and when the combustion does not happen completely, methane enters the atmosphere.
Other
Other human-induced methane emissions include industrial processes and product uses.
Wikipedia: Anthropogenic Sources of Atmospheric MethaneIPCC: AR6, 5.2.2.2 Anthropogenic CH4 emissions
Units and Measures
CH4 emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
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National methane emissions data through 2024 is from the PRIMAP-hist dataset, which combines several published sources into a historical emissions time series.
The Key Insights paragraph was created using a large language model (LLM) in combination with our data, historic events, and a structured approach for best accuracy by separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
PRIMAP-hist The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2024)
Update cycle: Every few monthsDelay: Less than 1 yearCredits: Gütschow, J.; Busch, D.; Pflüger, M. (2025): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series v2.7 (1750-2024). zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.17090760