France's Sources of CH4 Emissions
Key Insights
2024 CH4 Emissions Profile
France's methane emissions totalled around 62 megatonnes CO2e in 2024. Livestock dominated at about 41 megatonnes CO2e, or 66%, followed by waste at roughly 15 megatonnes CO2e, or 24%. Fugitive emissions and fuel combustion each contributed about 3 megatonnes CO2e, or 5%; crop production and other sources were negligible. Over the ten years to 2024, all sources declined except fugitive emissions, which was broadly stable.
Historic Livestock Emissions
Livestock emissions began at roughly 40 megatonnes CO2e in 1851 and rose gradually until the mid-20th century. Growth accelerated through the 1950s to a peak of about 65 megatonnes CO2e in 1976. They then declined steadily, reaching around 41 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Fugitive Emissions
Fugitive emissions started near 6 megatonnes CO2e in 1851, climbed substantially through the early 20th century, and peaked at roughly 70 megatonnes CO2e in 1930. They fell sharply through the 1990s, then remained near 3 megatonnes CO2e, ending at about 3.0 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Waste Emissions
Waste emissions were low, at just under 1 megatonne CO2e in 1851, and remained limited until the years after 1945. They rose rapidly to around 20 megatonnes CO2e by the mid-1970s, peaked at roughly 25 megatonnes CO2e in 2003, and fell to about 15 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Crop Emissions
Crop emissions began near 0.1 megatonnes CO2e in 1851 and stayed small throughout. They rose during the mid-20th century, fluctuated thereafter, and reached a peak of roughly 0.7 megatonnes CO2e in 1994. Emissions then declined to around 0.4 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Fuel Emissions
Fuel-combustion emissions began at around 11 megatonnes CO2e in 1851 and peaked at roughly 11 megatonnes CO2e in 1869. They then declined over the long term, despite small interruptions, falling to about 3.0 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Other Emissions
Other methane emissions were near zero in 1851. They rose after the mid-1940s to a peak of about 0.2 megatonnes CO2e in 1973, then declined. They remained very small thereafter and ended at around 0.05 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly methane (CH4) emissions from human activities expressed as weight in megatonnes (Mt). In the scientific literature, these are referred to as anthropogenic emissions. Human-induced methane emissions increase atmospheric methane, which is warming the Earth. The sources of human methane emissions are
- Livestock
- Fugitive emissions from the fossil fuel industry
- Crop production
- Fossil fuel combustion
- Waste management
- Other processes
Methane's Global Warming Potential
Methane has a much higher Global Warming Potential (GWP) than CO2. However, Methane emissions in the atmosphere decay with an average lifetime of about 12 years so its long term warming-effect is much less compared to CO2 which stays on average for hundreds of years in the atmosphere. Meaning: Methane's short term warming effect is much higher, but long term warming effect is much lower. A reduction in emissions can cause a rapid decline in its atmospheric levels.
Livestock
Livestock emits methane that is produced in the animals' digestive system. Most methane is emitted from the mouth during rumination. A much smaller amount of methane is emitted from the manure. Depending on how the manure is managed, i.e., wet or dry, more methane is emitted. Wet management leads to higher methane emissions than dry management. However, dry management also emits nitrous oxide (N2O), which is another potent greenhouse gas.
Fugitive emissions from fossil fuel industry
Fugitive methane emissions are from the intentional and accidental release of methane, which happens during the extraction, storage, and transportation processes in the fossil fuel industry. Examples are methane leaks during oil and gas handling, storage, transport, incomplete combustion, and many more. Also, methane is deliberately ventilated from mines during the extraction of coal.
Methane is a primary part of “gas”, also called “natural gas” or “fossil gas”. Natural gas is used, for example, for heating and electricity generation, whereby it emits CO2 during the combustion process. However, when natural gas leaks (unburned) it contains a lot of fugitive methane emissions.
Waste
Waste from landfills and wastewater produces a lot of methane when biodegradable material breaks down without oxygen.
Crop production
Crop production emissions are largely from rice cultivation, which generates large amounts of methane during plant growth. These emissions are from flooded paddies, which create the swamp-like environment of rice fields. There are agricultural techniques to reduce emissions significantly, like periodic drainage and aeration. Rice is the main staple for about half the world's population, and its emissions are a significant part of total human methane emissions.
Fuel combustion
Fuel combustion emissions are mostly from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. As mentioned before, natural gas consists largely of methane, and when the combustion does not happen completely, methane enters the atmosphere.
Other
Other human-induced methane emissions include industrial processes and product uses.
Wikipedia: Anthropogenic Sources of Atmospheric MethaneIPCC: AR6, 5.2.2.2 Anthropogenic CH4 emissions
Units and Measures
CH4 emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
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National methane emissions data through 2024 is from the PRIMAP-hist dataset, which combines several published sources into a historical emissions time series.
The Key Insights paragraph was created using a large language model (LLM) in combination with our data, historic events, and a structured approach for best accuracy by separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
PRIMAP-hist The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2024)
Update cycle: Every few monthsDelay: Less than 1 yearCredits: Gütschow, J.; Busch, D.; Pflüger, M. (2025): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series v2.7 (1750-2024). zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.17090760