Ghana's Sources of CH4 Emissions
Key Insights
2024 CH4 Emissions Profile
Ghana's methane emissions totalled around 18.9 megatonnes CO2e in 2024. Fugitive emissions were the largest source, at about 8.1 megatonnes CO2e or 42.9%, followed by livestock at 4.7 megatonnes CO2e (24.8%). Crop production contributed 2.7 megatonnes CO2e (14.3%), waste 2.4 megatonnes CO2e (12.5%), and fuel combustion 1.1 megatonnes CO2e (5.6%). All sources rose over the ten years to 2024, led in absolute terms by fugitive emissions, up around 0.22 megatonnes CO2e per year.
Historic Livestock Emissions
Livestock emissions began at around 0.3 megatonnes CO2e in the early 1850s and increased gradually through the first half of the twentieth century. Growth strengthened after the mid-1950s, rising from roughly 0.7 megatonnes CO2e to nearly 2 megatonnes CO2e by the mid-1990s. The rise accelerated after 2011, reaching a peak of around 4.7 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Fugitive Emissions
Fugitive emissions were negligible in the nineteenth century, reaching only around 0.1 megatonnes CO2e by 1930. They rose gradually through the late twentieth century, then increased more rapidly from the mid-1980s. Growth was especially pronounced after 2004; emissions peaked at roughly 9.2 megatonnes CO2e in 2019 before ending at around 8.1 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Waste Emissions
Waste emissions started at roughly 0.3 megatonnes CO2e in the early 1850s and rose slowly until the early 1970s. Growth then strengthened, with emissions increasing to around 1.3 megatonnes CO2e by the early 1990s, followed by a brief period of limited change. They resumed a steadier rise after 2001 and peaked at around 2.4 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Crop Emissions
Crop emissions were very low in the nineteenth century, at around 0.03 megatonnes CO2e, but became more substantial after the mid-1930s. They rose rapidly to a peak of roughly 3 megatonnes CO2e in 1998. Emissions then fell to about 1.9 megatonnes CO2e in 2004, recovered unevenly, and ended at around 2.7 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Historic Fuel Emissions
Fuel-combustion emissions began at around 0.1 megatonnes CO2e in the early 1850s and rose to roughly 0.6 megatonnes CO2e by the early 1940s. After little overall change through the following decades, emissions increased to just over 1 megatonne CO2e in the early 1990s. They peaked at around 1.2 megatonnes CO2e in 1999, dipped in the 2000s, and reached about 1.1 megatonnes CO2e in 2024.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly methane (CH4) emissions from human activities expressed as weight in megatonnes (Mt). In the scientific literature, these are referred to as anthropogenic emissions. Human-induced methane emissions increase atmospheric methane, which is warming the Earth. The sources of human methane emissions are
- Livestock
- Fugitive emissions from the fossil fuel industry
- Crop production
- Fossil fuel combustion
- Waste management
- Other processes
Methane's Global Warming Potential
Methane has a much higher Global Warming Potential (GWP) than CO2. However, Methane emissions in the atmosphere decay with an average lifetime of about 12 years so its long term warming-effect is much less compared to CO2 which stays on average for hundreds of years in the atmosphere. Meaning: Methane's short term warming effect is much higher, but long term warming effect is much lower. A reduction in emissions can cause a rapid decline in its atmospheric levels.
Livestock
Livestock emits methane that is produced in the animals' digestive system. Most methane is emitted from the mouth during rumination. A much smaller amount of methane is emitted from the manure. Depending on how the manure is managed, i.e., wet or dry, more methane is emitted. Wet management leads to higher methane emissions than dry management. However, dry management also emits nitrous oxide (N2O), which is another potent greenhouse gas.
Fugitive emissions from fossil fuel industry
Fugitive methane emissions are from the intentional and accidental release of methane, which happens during the extraction, storage, and transportation processes in the fossil fuel industry. Examples are methane leaks during oil and gas handling, storage, transport, incomplete combustion, and many more. Also, methane is deliberately ventilated from mines during the extraction of coal.
Methane is a primary part of “gas”, also called “natural gas” or “fossil gas”. Natural gas is used, for example, for heating and electricity generation, whereby it emits CO2 during the combustion process. However, when natural gas leaks (unburned) it contains a lot of fugitive methane emissions.
Waste
Waste from landfills and wastewater produces a lot of methane when biodegradable material breaks down without oxygen.
Crop production
Crop production emissions are largely from rice cultivation, which generates large amounts of methane during plant growth. These emissions are from flooded paddies, which create the swamp-like environment of rice fields. There are agricultural techniques to reduce emissions significantly, like periodic drainage and aeration. Rice is the main staple for about half the world's population, and its emissions are a significant part of total human methane emissions.
Fuel combustion
Fuel combustion emissions are mostly from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. As mentioned before, natural gas consists largely of methane, and when the combustion does not happen completely, methane enters the atmosphere.
Other
Other human-induced methane emissions include industrial processes and product uses.
Wikipedia: Anthropogenic Sources of Atmospheric MethaneIPCC: AR6, 5.2.2.2 Anthropogenic CH4 emissions
Units and Measures
CH4 emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
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National methane emissions data through 2024 is from the PRIMAP-hist dataset, which combines several published sources into a historical emissions time series.
The Key Insights paragraph was created using a large language model (LLM) in combination with our data, historic events, and a structured approach for best accuracy by separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
PRIMAP-hist The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2024)
Update cycle: Every few monthsDelay: Less than 1 yearCredits: Gütschow, J.; Busch, D.; Pflüger, M. (2025): The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series v2.7 (1750-2024). zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.17090760