Philippines' Sources of CO2 Emissions
Key Insights
2024 CO2 Emissions Profile
Philippines' CO2 emissions from these sources totalled around 208 megatonnes CO2e in 2024. Coal was largest, at roughly 92 megatonnes CO2 (44%), followed by oil at around 64 megatonnes CO2 (31%) and land-use at nearly 34 megatonnes CO2 (16%). Coal rose by about 4.6 megatonnes CO2 per year over the ten years to 2024, while oil and other fossil emissions also increased. Land-use emissions declined by around 1.8 megatonnes CO2 per year, and gas was broadly slightly lower. Coal and oil dominated emissions.
Historic Coal Emissions
Coal emissions were negligible through the early 1970s. They then rose from around 0.1 megatonnes CO2 in 1974 to roughly 4 megatonnes CO2 by the mid-1990s, before accelerating to about 31 megatonnes CO2 in 2011. Growth accelerated further thereafter, reaching a peak of around 92 megatonnes CO2 in 2024.
Historic Oil Emissions
Oil emissions began near zero in the early twentieth century and climbed to roughly 5 megatonnes CO2 by the mid-1950s. They rose rapidly to around 30 megatonnes CO2 in the mid-1970s, then dipped to nearly 23 megatonnes CO2 in 1985 before recovering. Emissions reached their peak of around 64 megatonnes CO2 in 2024.
Historic Gas Emissions
Gas emissions were effectively zero until the mid-1990s, when they began to matter at only around 0.01 megatonnes CO2. They generally increased thereafter, reaching several megatonnes CO2 during the 2000s despite some variation. Gas emissions peaked at around 8.5 megatonnes CO2 in 2024, which was also the final-year level.
Historic Land-use Emissions
Land-use emissions were already substantial in the nineteenth century, falling from roughly 55 megatonnes CO2 in 1851 to around 35 megatonnes CO2 by the early 1890s. They later varied widely, peaking at about 266 megatonnes CO2 in 1976 before declining sharply to roughly 47 megatonnes CO2 in 1992. They fluctuated thereafter and ended at around 34 megatonnes CO2 in 2024.
Historic Other Fossil Emissions
Other fossil emissions were very small through the first half of the twentieth century, remaining below around 0.2 megatonnes CO2. They rose gradually after the 1950s, with intermittent fluctuations, and increased more consistently after the late 2000s. Emissions peaked at roughly 10.2 megatonnes CO2 in 2022 and were around 10.1 megatonnes CO2 in 2024.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly CO2 emissions from human activities and processes expressed in megatonnes. It is critical to know and track the sources of national CO2 emissions in order to understand their individual impacts on climate change.
The sources of human CO2 emissions are
- CO2 From Fossil Fuels and Industry: coal, oil, gas combustion, other fossil processes
- CO2 From Land-Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry
Coal, oil and gas combustion
Fossil fuel CO2 emissions from the combustion of coal, oil and gas are emitted by processes in electricity generation, transport, industry, and the building sector. All processes can be linked to human activities. Examples include driving cars with combustion engines burning diesel or gas, or electric cars charged by electricity from a power plant that burns coal.
Other fossil processes
Fossil CO2 emissions from other processes include sources like cement manufacturing and production of chemicals and fertilizers. Cement also has an absorption factor highlighted in the absorption breakdown chart.
Land-use change
Human civilization emits CO2 by changing and managing its land. Those emissions come, for example, from deforestation, logging, forest degradation, harvest activities and shifting agriculture cultivation. Land-use change also absorbs considerable amounts of CO2, which is shown in the absorption breakdown chart. Land-use change emits more than it absorbs, so the net effect is still emissions, but less than for coal, oil and gas.
Wikipedia: Greenhouse Gas EmissionsEarth System Science Data: GCP 2020 paper: Section 2.2 Land-use change; Section 2.1 Fossil fuel emissions
IPCC: Annual Report 6, 5.2.1.1 Anthropogenic CO2 emissions
Units and Measures
CO2 emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
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National CO2 emissions data through 2024 is from the Global Carbon Project and covers fossil sources and land-use change.
The Key Insights paragraph was created using a large language model (LLM) in combination with our data, historic events, and a structured approach for best accuracy by separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
Global Carbon Budget 2025 Global Carbon Budget
Update cycle: yearlyDelay: ~ 10 months after the end of the year. Current year values are estimated and published in November.Credits: Friedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landschützer, P., Le Quéré, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Aas, K., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Bellouin, N., Benoit-Cattin, A., Berghoff, C. F., Bernardello, R., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Collier, N. O., Colligan, T. H., Cronin, M., Djeutchouang, L., Dou, X., Enright, M. P., Enyo, K., Erb, M., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Fransner, F., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Goncalves De Souza, J., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., Guenet, B., Gürses, Ö., Harrington, K., Harris, I., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Ito, A., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarníková, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jones, S. D., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Kong, Y., Korsbakken, J. I., Koven, C., Kunimitsu, T., Lan, X., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Liu, Z., Lo Monaco, C., Ma, L., Marland, G., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Melton, J., Monacci, N., Monier, E., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Müller, J. D., Nakaoka, S.-I., Nayagam, L. R., Niwa, Y., Nutzel, T., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Pan, N., Pandey, S., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Regnier, P. A. G., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., Rödenbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Skjelvan, I., Smallman, T. L., Spada, V., Sreeush, M. G., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Swingedouw, D., Séférian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tian, X., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van Ooijen, E., van der Werf, G., van de Velde, S. J., Walker, A., Wanninkhof, R., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2025, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-659, in review, 2025.