Türkiye's Sources of CO2 Emissions
Key Insights
2024 CO2 Emissions Profile
Türkiye's CO2 emissions totalled around 528 megatonnes CO2e in 2024. Coal was the largest source, at about 209 megatonnes CO2 (39.6%), followed by oil at roughly 136 megatonnes CO2 (25.8%) and gas at around 120 megatonnes CO2 (22.6%). Other Fossil contributed about 48 megatonnes CO2 (9.1%) and Land-use 15 megatonnes CO2 (2.8%). Over the ten years to 2024, all sources increased, led by coal, which rose by roughly 5.9 megatonnes CO2 per year.
Historic Coal Emissions
Coal emissions began at around 0.15 megatonnes CO2 in 1865, remaining low but variable in the early record and reaching roughly 2.2 megatonnes CO2 in 1911. They then rose persistently, accelerating after the late 1970s. Coal emissions reached their record high of about 209 megatonnes CO2 in 2024.
Historic Oil Emissions
Oil emissions were negligible until the late 1940s, then climbed from near zero to around 10 megatonnes CO2 by 1964 and roughly 51 by 1977. Growth continued more gradually through 2012 before accelerating again. Oil emissions peaked at about 136 megatonnes CO2 in 2024.
Historic Gas Emissions
Gas emissions remained close to zero through most of the twentieth century, reaching around 5.5 megatonnes CO2 in 1989. They then rose strongly and consistently, more than doubling from the late 2000s level. Gas emissions reached a record high of roughly 120 megatonnes CO2 in 2024.
Historic Land-use Emissions
Land-use emissions fell from around 8.7 megatonnes CO2 in 1851 to roughly 3.6 in 1905, then rose sharply, peaking at about 91 megatonnes CO2 in 1968. They subsequently declined, becoming net negative by 2010 and reaching a low near -20 megatonnes CO2 in 2018, before ending at around 15 megatonnes CO2 in 2024.
Historic Other Fossil Emissions
Other Fossil emissions began at around 0.03 megatonnes CO2 in 1928 and grew gradually until the 1980s, then more quickly through the 2000s. They remained variable after 2013, peaking at roughly 53 megatonnes CO2 in 2021. Emissions ended at around 48 megatonnes CO2 in 2024.
Background
The chart shows a national breakdown by source of the yearly CO2 emissions from human activities and processes expressed in megatonnes. It is critical to know and track the sources of national CO2 emissions in order to understand their individual impacts on climate change.
The sources of human CO2 emissions are
- CO2 From Fossil Fuels and Industry: coal, oil, gas combustion, other fossil processes
- CO2 From Land-Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry
Coal, oil and gas combustion
Fossil fuel CO2 emissions from the combustion of coal, oil and gas are emitted by processes in electricity generation, transport, industry, and the building sector. All processes can be linked to human activities. Examples include driving cars with combustion engines burning diesel or gas, or electric cars charged by electricity from a power plant that burns coal.
Other fossil processes
Fossil CO2 emissions from other processes include sources like cement manufacturing and production of chemicals and fertilizers. Cement also has an absorption factor highlighted in the absorption breakdown chart.
Land-use change
Human civilization emits CO2 by changing and managing its land. Those emissions come, for example, from deforestation, logging, forest degradation, harvest activities and shifting agriculture cultivation. Land-use change also absorbs considerable amounts of CO2, which is shown in the absorption breakdown chart. Land-use change emits more than it absorbs, so the net effect is still emissions, but less than for coal, oil and gas.
Wikipedia: Greenhouse Gas EmissionsEarth System Science Data: GCP 2020 paper: Section 2.2 Land-use change; Section 2.1 Fossil fuel emissions
IPCC: Annual Report 6, 5.2.1.1 Anthropogenic CO2 emissions
Units and Measures
CO2 emissions are expressed in the total weight in megatonnes per year. 1 Megatonne is equal to 1 million tonnes.
Wikipedia: MegatonneWikipedia: Global warming potential
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National CO2 emissions data through 2024 is from the Global Carbon Project and covers fossil sources and land-use change.
The Key Insights paragraph was created using a large language model (LLM) in combination with our data, historic events, and a structured approach for best accuracy by separating the context generation from the interpretation and narrative.
Data Sources
Global Carbon Budget 2025 Global Carbon Budget
Update cycle: yearlyDelay: ~ 10 months after the end of the year. Current year values are estimated and published in November.Credits: Friedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landschützer, P., Le Quéré, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Aas, K., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Bellouin, N., Benoit-Cattin, A., Berghoff, C. F., Bernardello, R., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Collier, N. O., Colligan, T. H., Cronin, M., Djeutchouang, L., Dou, X., Enright, M. P., Enyo, K., Erb, M., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Fransner, F., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Goncalves De Souza, J., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., Guenet, B., Gürses, Ö., Harrington, K., Harris, I., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Ito, A., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarníková, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jones, S. D., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Kong, Y., Korsbakken, J. I., Koven, C., Kunimitsu, T., Lan, X., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Liu, Z., Lo Monaco, C., Ma, L., Marland, G., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Melton, J., Monacci, N., Monier, E., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Müller, J. D., Nakaoka, S.-I., Nayagam, L. R., Niwa, Y., Nutzel, T., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Pan, N., Pandey, S., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Regnier, P. A. G., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., Rödenbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Skjelvan, I., Smallman, T. L., Spada, V., Sreeush, M. G., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Swingedouw, D., Séférian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tian, X., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van Ooijen, E., van der Werf, G., van de Velde, S. J., Walker, A., Wanninkhof, R., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2025, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-659, in review, 2025.